Laws and Policies on Surrogacy: Comparative Insights from India

ISBN-13: 9789811643514 / Angielski / Miękka / 2022

Harleen Kaur

Opis

This book is an essential guide on surrogacy, discussing various legal issues that arise in surrogacy cases. It provides a comprehensive coverage to various issues pertaining to surrogacy arrangements due to failure to meet the needs of those involved in surrogacy, be it the intended parents or the surrogate mother, with special emphasis on the most vulnerable party -- the surrogate child. In the wake of this existing imbalance, the call to reform the practice of surrogacy has also increased. The book provides a comprehensive coverage to various laws and policy regulations in existence dealing with surrogacy, and unravels the latest trends and developments happening around the world as surrogacy gains importance. The international perspectives highlight policies and practices being adopted and followed by various nations with regard to surrogacy regulation and associated parenthood rules. This book also analyses some of the significant cross-border disputes revolving around surrogacy, and explores briefly the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights on matters of parentage and citizenship for children born of trans-national surrogacy with special reference to the prospects of a convention on international surrogacy currently being studied by The Hague Conference on Private International Law. Further, it highlights the issues and questions relating to surrogacy arrangements that are so far unresolved and unanswered and suggests measures for improvements to the existing proposed surrogacy legislation in India and need for uniform international regulation. The book is a great resource for legal practitioners, academics, students, policy-makers, infertility clinics, and charitable organizations working on this issue.

Spis treści

CHAPTER I: Introduction

Ø  An Overview of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)

Ø  Assisted Reproductive Technology Procedures 

·         In Vitro Fertilization Embryo Transfer (IVF-ET)

·         Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT) 

·         Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer (ZIFT) 

·         Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

·         Artificial Insemination (AI)

·         Legal Issues Involved  

1. Ø  Surrogacy

• Ø  Surrogacy Practice-Regulation-Issues 

 

CHAPTER II: Issues and Complexities Surrounding Surrogacy

• Ø  Surrogacy & its Evolution
• Ø  Legal Issues 

·         Perplexed Motherhood -  (i) Intent Based Theory (ii) Genetic Contribution Theory  (iii) Gestational Mother Preference theory  (iv) The Best Interest of the Child Theory 

·         Legitimacy of the surrogate Child

·         Rights of the surrogate Child

·         Validity of a Surrogacy Contract

• Ø   Moral and Ethical Issues

·         Does Surrogacy Undermine the Institution of Marriage and Family Life?

·         Surrogacy as a Tool of Exploitation. 

·         Surrogacy Vs. Prostitution

·         Surrogacy and Right to Privacy. 

·         Does Surrogacy overshadow Adoption? 

·         Surrogacy and Bias against Child. 

·         Surrogacy and Man Playing God.    

 

CHAPTER III: Surrogacy: National and International Perspectives 

• Ø  Reproductive Tourism in India
• Ø  Regulation and Enforceability

·         Constitutional Protection 

·         The Indian Contract Act, 1872 

• Ø  The Indian Council of Medical Research, The National Guidelines for Accreditation, Supervision and Regulation of ART Clinics in India (2005)

·     Who Can be a Surrogate and Who Can Opt for Surrogacy  (ii) Legal Parenthood and Nationality  (iii) Consideration

• Ø  The Law Commission of India 228th Report on “Need for Legislation to Regulate Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinics As Well As Rights and Obligations of Parties to a Surrogacy”(2009) .
• Ø  The Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Bill, 2010  and 2014

·         Features of Draft ART Bill, 2010  and 2014

·         Who Can be a Surrogate and Who can Opt for Surrogacy

·         Prohibition of Sex Selection  (iii) Enforceability of surrogacy arrangements

·         (iv) Payment in surrogacy  (v) Legal Parenthood/Nationality of the Child  (vi) Obligations on the Commissioning Parties  (vii) Advertisement  (viii) Obligations & Rights of the Surrogate Mother  II. Critical Analysis of Draft ART Bill, 2010  (i) General Weaknesses   (ii) Ambiguities in the Bill  (iii) Contradictions in the Bill 

• Ø  The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2019

·         Features of The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill 2019

ü  Who Can be a Surrogate and Who can Opt for Surrogacy

ü  Prohibition of Sex Selection  (iii) Enforceability of surrogacy arrangements

ü  (iv) Payment in surrogacy  (v) Legal Parenthood/Nationality of the Child  (vi) Obligations on the Commissioning Parties  (vii) Advertisement  (viii) Obligations & Rights of the Surrogate Mother  II. Critical Analysis The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2019  (i) General Weaknesses   (ii) Ambiguities in the Bill  (iii) Contradictions in the Bill 

• Ø   Recent Developments

·         The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2020

• Ø  Surrogacy: International Perspective

·         (i) Israel  (ii) Canada  (iii) Australia  (iv) United Kingdom  (v) Ukraine  (vi) Japan  (vii) United State of America  (viii) New Zealand  (ix) Russia  (x) Thailand  (xi) Nepal  (xii) Other Countries

 

CHAPTER IV: Homosexuals and Their Right to Surrogacy

• Ø  The concept of Homosexuality 
• Ø  Debate about Homosexuality  
• Ø  Homosexual laws: Global Analysis

·         United States 

·         United Kingdom 

·         Canada

·          Australia

·         India

·         Other Countries

·         (Sweden, Iran, Nigeria, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Singapore, Nepal , Uganda and China etc.)

• Ø  Homosexuals and Their Right to Surrogacy   

·         International Scenario

·         Indian Scenario   Israel  (ii) Canada  (iii) Australia  (iv) United Kingdom  (v) Ukraine  (vi) Japan  (vii) United State of America  (viii) New Zealand  (ix) Russia  (x) Thailand  (xi) Nepal  (xii) Other Countries

 

CHAPTER V: Third Genders, Live-in Couples, Singles – Option to Surrogacy

• Ø  Third Genders, Live-in Couples and Singles right to reproductive autonomy
• Ø  Global Analysis

·         United States

·         United Kingdom

·         Australia

·          New Zealand

·         Japan

·         Spain

·         France

·         Canada

• Ø  Indian Scenario  
• Ø  Need to make Inclusive laws
• Ø  Legal and Judicial  Recognition of Third Genders, Live-in Couples And Singles.

 

CHAPTER VI: Surrogacy Arrangements the Stake Holders Perspectives

• Ø   From the Perspective of Surrogate Mother

·         the Right to Reproductive Autonomy

·         Women autonomy over her body

·         Right to Health

• Ø  From the Perspective of Surrogate Child

·         Child Rights: National and international Perspective 

·         Role of Judiciary in Protection of Child Rights 

·         Interplay Between Surrogacy and Child Rights

·         Role of child commissions in protecting the rights of the surrogate child the rights of the surrogate child

• Ø  Intended Mother

·         Right to Reproductive Autonomy

·         Child Care Leave,  Maternity benefits

• Ø  Need for an International Regulation for Surrogacy   

 

CHAPTER VII: Conclusion and Suggestions

• Ø  Conclusion 
• Ø  Suggestions

 

O autorze

Dr. Harleen Kaur is an Assistant Professor of Law at Campus Law Centre, Faculty of Law, Delhi University. She holds an LL.B. (Gold Medalist) and LL.M Degree from the Faculty of Law, University of Delhi. She obtained her PhD from the Faculty of Law, University of Delhi. She is a recipient of various awards such as Gold Medal Hiralal Daga Memorial Medal, P.G. Krishnan Memorial Prize, Law Union Prize  for securing first position in order of merit in three  consecutive years of LL.B. and G. Pershad Memorial Prize for B.A. (Pass) in Miranda House, University of Delhi in addition to the Academic Excellence Award for the year 2019 by  Iswar Saran Post Graduate College (Univesity Of Allahabad) & Droit Penale: Indian Law Journal On Crime And Criminology, Legal Path Foundation. She has to her credit many papers, on diverse legal issues, published in reputed journals. She has also authored chapters in various books. Her areas of interest are criminal law (IPC and CrPC), property law and human rights and surrogacy. Dr Harleen has delivered numerous lectures at various prestigious institutions and universities. She has also chaired sessions in national and international workshops, conferences, seminars and is on the editorial boards of law journals.