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Laser Physics
ISBN-13: 9780470387719 / Angielski / Twarda / 2010 / 848 str.
Laser Physics
ISBN-13: 9780470387719 / Angielski / Twarda / 2010 / 848 str.
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Although the basic principles of lasers have remained unchanged in the past 20 years, there has been a shift in the kinds of lasers generating interest. Providing a comprehensive introduction to the operating principles and applications of lasers, this second edition of the classic book on the subject reveals the latest developments and applications of lasers. Placing more emphasis on applications of lasers and on optical physics, the book's self-contained discussions will appeal to physicists, chemists, optical scientists, engineers, and advanced undergraduate students.
Preface.
1 Introduction to Laser Operation.
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Lasers and Laser Light.
1.3 Light in Cavities.
1.4 Light Emission and Absorption in Quantum Theory.
1.5 Einstein Theory of Light Matter Interactions.
1.6 Summary.
2 Atoms, Molecules, and Solids.
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Electron Energy Levels in Atoms.
2.3 Molecular Vibrations.
2.4 Molecular Rotations.
2.5 Example: Carbon Dioxide.
2.6 Conductors and Insulators.
2.7 Semiconductors.
2.8 Semiconductor Junctions.
2.9 Light–Emitting Diodes.
2.10 Summary.
Appendix: Energy Bands in Solids.
Problems.
3 Absorption, Emission, and Dispersion of Light.
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Electron Oscillator Model.
3.3 Spontaneous Emission.
3.4 Absorption.
3.5 Absorption of Broadband Light.
3.6 Thermal Radiation.
3.7 Emission and Absorption of Narrowband Light.
3.8 Collision Broadening.
3.9 Doppler Broadening.
3.10 The Voigt Profile.
3.11 Radiative Broadening.
3.12 Absorption and Gain Coefficients.
3.13 Example: Sodium Vapor.
3.14 Refractive Index.
3.15 Anomalous Dispersion.
3.16 Summary.
Appendix: The Oscillator Model and Quantum Theory.
Problems.
4 Laser Oscillation: Gain and Threshold.
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Gain and Feedback.
4.3 Threshold.
4.4 Photon Rate Equations.
4.5 Population Rate Equations.
4.6 Comparison with Chapter 1.
4.7 Three–Level Laser Scheme.
4.8 Four–Level Laser Scheme.
4.9 Pumping Three– and Four–Level Lasers.
4.10 Examples of Three– and Four–Level Lasers.
4.11 Saturation.
4.12 Small–Signal Gain and Saturation.
4.13 Spatial Hole Burning.
4.14 Spectral Hole Burning.
4.15 Summary.
Problems.
5 Laser Oscillation: Power and Frequency.
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Uniform–Field Approximation.
5.3 Optimal Output Coupling.
5.4 Effect of Spatial Hole Burning.
5.5 Large Output Coupling.
5.6 Measuring Gain and Optimal Output Coupling.
5.7 Inhomogeneously Broadened Media.
5.8 Spectral Hole Burning and the Lamb Dip.
5.9 Frequency Pulling.
5.10 Obtaining Single–Mode Oscillation.
5.11 The Laser Linewidth.
5.12 Polarization and Modulation.
5.13 Frequency Stabilization.
5.14 Laser at Threshold.
Appendix: The Fabry–Pérot Etalon.
Problems.
6 Multimode and Pulsed Lasing.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Rate Equations for Intensities and Populations.
6.3 Relaxation Oscillations.
6.4 Q Switching.
6.5 Methods of Q Switching.
6.6 Multimode Laser Oscillation.
6.7 Phase–Locked Oscillators.
6.8 Mode Locking.
6.9 Amplitude–Modulated Mode Locking.
6.10 Frequency–Modulated Mode Locking.
6.11 Methods of Mode Locking.
6.12 Amplification of Short Pulses.
6.13 Amplified Spontaneous Emission.
6.14 Ultrashort Lights Pulses.
Appendix: Diffraction of Light by Sound.
Problems.
7 Laser Resonators and Gaussian Beams.
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 The Ray Matrix.
7.3 Resonator Stability.
7.4 The Paraxial Wave Equation.
7.5 Gaussian Beams.
7.6 The ABCD Law for Gaussian Beams.
7.7 Gaussian Bema Modes.
7.8 Hermit Gaussian and Laguerre Gaussian Beams.
7.9 Resonators for He Ne Lasers.
7.10 Diffraction.
7.11 Diffraction by an Aperture.
7.12 Diffraction Theory of Resonators.
7.13 Beam Quality.
7.14 Unstable Resonators for High–Power Lasers.
7.15 Bessel Beams.
Problems.
8 Propagation of Laser Radiation.
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 The Wave Equation for the Electric Field.
8.3 Group Velocity.
8.4 Group Velocity Dispersion.
8.5 Chirping.
8.6 Propagation Modes in Fibers.
8.7 Single–Mode Fibers.
8.8 Birefringence.
8.9 Rayleigh Scattering.
8.10 Atmospheric Turbulence.
8.11 The Coherence Diameter.
8.12 Beam Wander and Spread.
8.13 Intensity Scintillations.
8.14 Remarks.
Problems.
9 Coherence in Atom–Field Interactions.
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Time–Dependent Schrödinger Equation.
9.3 Two–State Atoms in Sinusoidal Fields.
9.4 Density Matrix and Collisional Relaxation.
9.5 Optical Bloch Equations.
9.6 Maxwell Bloch Equations.
9.7 Semiclassical Laser Theory.
9.8 Resonant Pulse Propagation.
9.9 Self–Induced Transparency.
9.10 Electromagnetically Induced Transparency.
9.11 Transit–Time Broadening and the Ramsey Effect.
9.12 Summary.
Problems.
10 Introduction to Nonlinear Optics.
10.1 Model for Nonlinear Polarization.
10.2 Nonlinear Susceptibilities.
10.3 Self–Focusing.
10.4 Self–Phase Modulation.
10.5 Second–Harmonic Generation.
10.6 Phase Matching.
10.7 Three–Wave Mixing.
10.8 Parametric Amplification and Oscillation.
10.9 Two–Photon Downconversion.
10.10 Discussion.
Problems.
11 Some Specific Lasers and Amplifiers.
11.1 Introduction.
11.2 Electron–Impact Excitation.
11.3 Excitation Transfer.
11.4 He Ne Lasers.
11.5 Rate Equation Model of Population Inversion in He Ne Lasers.
11.6 Radial Gain Variation in He Ne Laser Tubes.
11.7 CO2 Electric–Discharge Lasers.
11.8 Gas–Dynamic Lasers.
11.9 Chemical Lasers.
11.10 Excimer Lasers.
11.11 Dye Lasers.
11.12 Optically Pumped Solid–State Lasers.
11.13 Ultrashort, Superintense Pulses.
11.14 Fiber Amplifiers and Lasers.
11.15 Remarks.
Appendix: Gain or Absorption Coefficient for Vibrational–Rotational Transitions.
Problems.
12 Photons.
12.1 What is a Photon.
12.2 Photon Polarization: All or Nothing.
12.3 Failures of Classical Theory.
12.4 Wave Interference and Photons.
12.5 Photon Counting.
12.6 The Poisson Distribution.
12.7 Photon Detectors.
12.8 Remarks.
Problems.
13 Coherence.
13.1 Introduction.
13.2 Brightness.
13.3 The Coherence of Light.
13.4 The Mutual Coherence Function.
13.5 Complex Degree of Coherence.
13.6 Quasi–Monochromatic Fields and Visibility.
13.7 Spatial Coherence of Light from Ordinary Sources.
13.8 Spatial Coherence of Laser Radiation.
13.9 Diffraction of Laser Radiation.
13.10 Coherence and the Michelson Interferometer.
13.11 Temporal Coherence.
13.12 The Photon Degeneracy Factor.
13.13 Orders of Coherence.
13.14 Photon Statistics of Lasers and Thermal Sources.
13.15 Brown Twiss Correlations.
Problems.
14 Some Applications of Lasers.
14.1 Lidar.
14.2 Adaptive Optics for Astronomy.
14.3 Optical Pumping and Spin–Polarized Atoms.
14.4 Laser Cooling.
14.5 Trapping Atoms with Lasers and Magnetic Fields.
14.6 Bose Einstein Condensation.
14.7 Applications of Ultrashort Pulses.
14.8 Lasers in Medicine.
14.9 Remarks.
Problems.
15 Diode Lasers and Optical Communications.
15.1 Introduction.
15.2 Diode Lasers.
15.3 Modulation of Diode Lasers.
15.4 Noise Characteristics of Diode Lasers.
15.5 Information and Noise.
15.6 Optical Communications.
Problems.
16 Numerical Methods for Differential Equations.
16.A Fortran Program For Differential Equations.
16.B Fortran Program For Plane–Wave Propagation.
16.C Fortran Program For Paraxial Propagation.
Index.
PETER W. MILONNI is currently Laboratory Fellow and Laboratory Associate in the Complex Systems Group of the Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Research Professor of Physics at the University of Rochester. Dr. Milonni is the author or coauthor of several books and has published research and review papers on both pure and applied physics. He has served for many years on a number of editorial boards, and was the recipient of the Max Born Award of the Optical Society of America in 2008. His research interests are in the areas of quantum optics and electrodynamics, especially in connection with the quantum and fluctuation properties of electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with matter.
JOSEPH H. EBERLY is currently Andrew Carnegie Professor Physics and Professor of Optics at the University of Rochester. A past president of the Optical Society of America, he has contributed to the research literature on theoretical quantum optics and laser physics, with interests in multipulse propogation, high–field atomic physics, quantum entanglement, cavity QED, and relaxation dynamics. Dr. Eberly received the Smoluchowski Medal of the Physical Society of Poland in 1987 and the Charles Hard Townes Award of the Optical Society of America in 1994. He is the coauthor of two books and coeditor of several conference proceedings. He is the founding editor of Optics Express and has served on a number of editorial and advisory boards.
A comprehensive introduction to the operating principles and application of lasers
Although the basic principles of lasers remain unchanged, the ever–increasing role of optical physics and engineering in basic science and in technology has caused a significant shift in the types of laser systems of greatest interest. Laser Physics which is an updated, reconfigured, and expanded edition of the previously published Lasers reflects the importance of lasers and their applications in a remarkably wide range of fields.
Discussions and features include:
- Absorption, emission, and dispersion of light
- Laser principles applied to specific lasers
- Photon counting and optical coherence
- Dispersion, chirping, and modes in optical fibers
- Optical pumping, spin–polarized atoms, and atomic clocks
- Fiber amplifiers and lasers
- Laser cooling and trapping
- Laser propagation in resonant media and in turbulent atmospheres
- Elements of nonlinear optics
- Generation of ultrashort pulses and frequency combs and applications
- Lasers in lidar, adaptive optics, and medicine
- Semiconductor lasers and optical communications
Complete with end–of–chapter problems for students, Laser Physics is an excellent textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in electrical engineering, physics, and optics. It also serves as a valuable reference for professionals working in industry and government laboratories.
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