Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice: Pattern and Process

ISBN-13: 9781493938186 / Angielski / Miękka / 2016 / 482 str.

Monica G. Turner; Robert H. Gardner

Recenzje

"The book is still structured in a series of chapters well arranged both for a thorough introduction to the field and for an upper-level undergraduate or graduate university course. Each chapter concludes with a set of discussion questions and suggestions for further reading. ... I will be using this new edition in my landscape ecology class in the fall, and I suspect many others will be as well." (Joshua J. Lawler, Ecology, Vol. 98 (8), August, 2017)

"'Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice' is probably the most comprehensive and updated textbook in landscape ecology available today. It will provide a wonderful introduction to the core landscape principles and concepts for graduate and undergraduate students, but also for more experienced researchers and practitioners that need a review of the most relevant and recent knowledge in the field. This book will be useful not only to ecologists, but also for students from other fields ... ." (Jean Paul Metzger, Landscape Ecology, Vol. 32, 2017)

"This much-revised second edition reflects the burgeoning literature and new ideas in the intervening years. ... The book is primarily directed to students in ecology, but conservation biology, resource management, landscape architecture and land planning will also find topics of interest here. ... it undoubtedly a fine piece of work by two leading ecologists that deserves to be read and savoured by anyone with an interest in the field of landscape ecology." (The Bulletin, Vol. 47 (2), June, 2016)

Spis treści

Table of Contents

 

Chapter 1. Introduction to Landscape Ecology and Scale

      What is Landscape Ecology?

      Roots of Landscape Ecology

            Intellectual Foundations of Landscape Ecology

            Landscape Ecology Matures

      Scale and Heterogeneity

            Scale Terminology

            Hierarchy Theory and Cross-scale Interactions

            Upscaling and Downscaling

      Objectives of this Book

      Summary

      Discussion Questions

      Recommended Readings

 

Chapter 2. Causes of Landscape Pattern

      Four Key Drivers of Landscape Pattern

            The Abiotic Template

            Biotic Interactions

            Human Land Use

            Disturbance and Succession

      Landscape Legacies and the Role of History

      Why is it Still Difficult to Explain and Predict Landscape Change?

            Multivariate Interacting Drivers

            Thresholds and Nonlinearites

            Social-ecological Systems

            Limited Ability to Perform Exeriments

      Summary

      Discussion Questions

      Recommended Readings

 

Chapter 3. Introduction to Models

      What are Models and Why do we use them?

            What is a Model?                   

            Why Landscape Ecologists Need Models

      Strategy for Developing Models

            Define the Problem and Develop a Conceptual Model

      Tactics for Making the Model Work

      Neutral Landscape Models

            Neutral Models in Ecology

            Neutral Models in Landscape Ecology

      Insights and Applications of NLMs

      Summary

      Discussion Questions

      Recommended Readings

 

Chapter 4. Landscape Metrics

      Why Quantify Pattern?

      Data Used in Landscape Analyses

            A Comment on Spatial Data Accuracy

      Caveats for Landscape Pattern Analysis, or “READ THIS FIRST”

            #1 The Classification Scheme is Critical

            #2 Scale Matters and Must be Defined

            #3 A Patch is not a Patch

            #4 Many Metrics are Correlated with one Another (and thus Redundant)

            #5 There is no Single, Magic Metric

      Metrics for Quantifying Landscape Pattern

            Metrics of Landscape Composition

            Metrics of Spatial Configuration

            Fractals

            Measures of Landscape Texture

            Measures of Landscape Connectivity

      Landscape Metrics: What is the State of the Science?

            What Constitutes a “Significant” Difference in Landscape Pattern?

            Making Sense out of Multiple Metrics

            Metrics and Landscape Indicators

            Some Additional Practical Advice and Parting Words

      Summary

      Discussion Questions

      Recommended Readings

 

Chapter 5. Spatial Statistics

      Why do Landscape Ecologists use Spatial Statistics?

            Spatial Independence

            Nature of Spatial Structure

            Spatial Interpolation

      Caveats for Using Spatial Statistics, or “READ THIS FIRST”

            #1 The Spatial Dependence in Landscape Data must be Characterized and Considered

            #2 Spatial Autocorrelation is Not Always a Problem

            #3 Coincidence of Scales of Spatial Dependence Among Multiple Variables does not Prove Causality

            #4 Scale Always Matters

            #5 Stationarity is an Important Assumption in Many Spatial Statistical Analyses

            #6 Interpreting Spatial Statistics is both a Science and an Art

      Point Pattern Analysis

      Autocorrelation and Variography

            Spatial Autocorrelation

            Variography

            Cross-correlograms and Co-variograms

            Optimized Sampling Designs for Spatial Statistics

      Examples of Spatial Statistics in Landscape Ecology

      Selected Software Resources for Spatial Statistics

      Summary

      Discussion Questions

      Recommended Readings

 

Chapter 6. Landscape Disturbance Dynamics

      Disturbance and Disturbance Regimes

      Effects of Landscape Heterogeneity on Disturbance

            Landscape Position and Vulnerability to Disturbance

            Effects of Landscape Heterogeneity on Spread of Disturbance

            Landscape Epidemiology

      Effects of Disturbance on Landscape Heterogeneity

            The Disturbance-generated Mosaic

            Disturbance and Spatial Patterns of Succession

      Integrating Disturbance and Succession in Space and Time

            Disturbance and the Historic Range of Variability

            Concepts of Landscape Equilibrium

      Looking Ahead: Interacting Disturbances and Changing Disturbance Regimes

            Compound and Linked Disturbances

            Changes in Climate and Disturbance Regimes

      Summary

      Discussion Questions

      Recommended Readings

 

Chapter 7. Organisms and Landscape Pattern

      Conceptual Development of Organism-Space Interactions

            What is Habitat?

            Behavioral Landscape Ecology

            Scale Matters

      Effects of Organisms on Landscape Heterogeneity

      Responses of Organisms to Landscape Heterogeneity

            General Insights, from Patch to Landscape

      Landscape Heterogeneity and Species Interactions

            Predator-prey Interactions

            Natural Enemies and Pollination in Agricultural Landscapes

            Community Structure

      Landscape Ecology of Species Invasions

      Landscape Genetics

      Summary

      Discussion Questions

      Recommended Readings

 

Chapter 8. Ecosystem Processes in Heterogeneous Landscapes

      Conceptual Frameworks – Ecosystem Processes in Heterogeneous Landscapes

            Theoretical Development

            A Practical Framework

Point Processes (Vertical Fluxes)

            Biomass, Net Primary Production and Carbon

            Landscape Biogeochemistry

            Landscape Limnology

      Lateral Fluxes (Horizontal Transport)

            Redistribution of Litter and Organic Matter

            Nutrient Loading to Aquatic Ecosystems

            Mobile Animals and Species Interactions

      State of the Science: Challenges and Opportunities

      Summary

      Discussion Questions

      Recommended Readings

 

Chapter 9. Landscape Dynamics in a Rapidly Changing World

      Landscape Indicators

      Climate Change

            Migration in Response to Climate Change

            Climate Effects on Disturbances

      Land-use Change and Landscape Scenarios

            Landscape Scenarios

            Land-use Synthesis

      Ecosystem Services and Landscape Sustainability

            Landscape Heterogeneity and Ecosystem Services

            Interactions Among Ecosystem Services

            Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity

            Ecosystem Services: Synthesis

      Summary

      Discussion Questions

      Recommended Readings

 

Chapter 10. Conclusions and Future Directions

      What Has Been Learned from Landscape Ecology?

      Future Directions

            Future Directions Revisited from the 1^st Edition

            Looking Ahead

            Training the Next Generation of Landscape Ecologists

      Conclusion

      Discussion Questions

      Recommended Readings

 

   

 

O autorze

Monica G. Turner

Eugene P. Odum Professor of Ecology

Department of Zoology

University of Wisconsin-Madison

Madison, WI 53706

turnermg@wisc.edu

Tel. 608-262-2592

Robert H. Gardner

Professor Emeritus

Appalachian Lab

University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science

Frostburg, MD 21532

rhgardner99@gmail.com

Tel. 707-230-5106

Blurb

This work provides in-depth analysis of the origins of landscape ecology and its close alignment with the understanding of scale, the causes of landscape pattern, and the interactions of spatial pattern with a variety of ecological processes. The text covers the quantitative approaches that are applied widely in landscape studies, with emphasis on their appropriate use and interpretation.

The field of landscape ecology has grown rapidly during this period, its concepts and methods have matured, and the published literature has increased exponentially. Landscape research has enhanced understanding of the causes and consequences of spatial heterogeneity and how these vary with scale, and they have influenced the management of natural and human-dominated landscapes. Landscape ecology is now considered mainstream, and the approaches are widely used in many branches of ecology and are applied not only in terrestrial settings but also in aquatic and marine systems. In response to these rapid developments, an updated edition of Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice provides a synthetic overview of landscape ecology, including its development, the methods and techniques that are employed, the major questions addressed, and the insights that have been gained.”