Land Use Changes in Europe: Processes of Change, Environmental Transformations and Future Patterns

ISBN-13: 9789401054539 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 529 str.

F. M. Brouwer; A. J. Thomas; M. J. Chadwick

Opis

The patterns of land use that have evolved in Europe reflect the boundaries set by the natural environment and socio-economic responses to the needs of the population. Over the centuries man has been able to overcome increasingly the constraints placed on land use by the natural environment through the development of new technologies and innovations, driven by an increasing population and rising material expectations. However, activities are still ultimately constrained by natural limitations such as climatic characteristics and associated edaphic and vegetational features. A major problem for land management, in its broadest sense, can be a reluctance to foresee the consequent ecological changes. This means that mitigating strategies will not be implemented in time to prevent environmental degradation and social hardship, although in many parts of Europe, over some centuries, demands have been met in a sustainable way, by sound, prudent and temperate expectations that have dictated management regimes. The management of land in Europe has always been a complex challenge: land is the primary, though finite resource. DeciSions regarding the use of land and manipulation of ecosystem dynamics today may affect the long-term primary productivity of the resource. Decisions to change land use may be virtually irreversible; urbanization is an illustration of the influence of population density on the land resource.

Spis treści

1. Land Resources, Land Use and Projected Land Availability for Alternative Uses in the EC.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Land Use Structure.- 1.3. Climate and Soils.- 1.4. Slope Characteristics of Land.- 1.5. Assessing Future Land Requirements for Major Uses in the EEC.- 1.6. Projected Land Use Changes.- 1.7. Concluding Remarks.- 2. Trends in the Transformation of European Agriculture.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Types of Agriculture in Europe.- 2.3. Agricultural Regions in Europe.- 2.4. Conclusions.- 3. Future Land Use Patterns in Europe.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Land Use Patterns in Europe.- 3.3. New Technologies and Changing Land Use Patterns.- 3.4. Climate Change and Soil Degradation in Relation to Changing Land Use Patterns.- 3.5. Future Land Use Changes in Europe.- 3.6. Concluding Remarks.- 4. The Role and Impact of Biophysical Determinants on Present and Future Land Use Patterns in Europe.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Major Determinants of Land Use Patterns in Europe.- 4.3. Effect of Biophysical Parameters on Crop Growth.- 4.4. Land Assessment Based on the Physical Potential of the Land.- 4.5. Concluding Remarks.- 5. Atmospheric Methane: Estimates of Its Past. Present and Future and Its Role in Effecting Changes in Atmospheric Chemistry.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. The Greenhouse Effect.- 5.3. Chemical Interferences.- 5.4. Climatic Implications.- 5.5. The Global Methane Budget.- 5.6. Biogenic Sources.- 5.7. Methane of Non-biological Origin.- 5.8. Pre-industrial Methane Emissions.- 5.9. Future Trends.- 5.10. Concluding Remarks.- 6. Perspectives on a Changing Hydroclimate: Land Use Implications.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. The Hydrological Cycle.- 6.3. Interdependency of Catchment Hydrology and Land Use.- 6.4. Environmental Manipulation.- 6.5. Influence of Climatic Change.- 6.6. Sustainable Interaction between Society and the Water Cycle.- 6.7. Matrices to Clarify the Impacts of Changes.- 6.8. Conclusion.- 7. Dynamics in Land Use Patterns: Socio-economic and Environmental Aspects of the Second Agricultural Land Use Revolution.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Development and Sustainability: A Methodological Framework.- 7.3. Land Use and Economics: An Historical Orientation.- 7.4. Agricultural Land Use and the Environment.- 7.5. Overproduction in the Agricultural Sector: An International Perspective.- 7.6. Strategic and Scientific Options for Co-evolutionary Development.- 8. Climatic Change and Land Use Impact in Europe.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. European Climate-Vegetation-Soil Relationships.- 8.3. Major Future Shifts of Biomes and Land Use.- 8.4. Climate Related Acidification, Eutrophication and Aridification.- 9. Climatic Changes and Land Use Potential in Europe.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. Specific Approaches.- 9.3. A Summary of Possible Effects of Climatic Change on Agricultural Potential in Europe.- 9.4. Potential Technological and Management Responses.- 9.5. Conclusions.- 10. Environmental Constraints on Agricultural Production.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2. Materials and Methods Applied.- 10.3. Results of the Experiments.- 10.4. Measures to Prevent Leaching.- 10.5. Conclusion.- 11. Potential Effects of Climate and Land Use Changes on the Water Balance Structure in Poland.- 11.1. Introduction.- 11.2. Methods of Assessing the Heat and Water Balance Structure.- 11.3. Scenarios of Heat and Water Balance Components.- 11.4. Conclusions.- 12. Soil Erosion, Soil Degradation and Climatic Change.- 12.1. Introduction.- 12.2. Soil Erosion in Western Europe.- 12.3. Establishing Information on Erosion and Degradation.- 12.4. Land Degradation: The World Problem.- 12.5. Soil Erosion and Climatic Change.- 13. Salinization Potential of European Soils.- 13.1. Introduction.- 13.2. Salinization of Groundwater and Soils.- 13.3. Major Aspects of Soil Salinity.- 13.4. Future Potential for Salt-affected Soils in Europe.- 13.5. Prevention and Monitoring of Secondary Salinization.- 14. Changes in Rates of Weathering and Erosion Induced by Acid Emissions and Agriculture in Central Europe.- 14.1. Introduction.- 14.2. Results and Discussion.- 14.3. Conclusions.- 15. Potential for Acidification of Forest Soils in Europe.- 15.1. Introduction.- 15.2. Causes of Soil Acidification.- 15.3. Modeling Forest Soil Acidification.- 16. Historical Land Use Changes and Soil Degradation on the Russian Plain.- 16.1. Introduction.- 16.2. Socio-economic and Political Factors Determining Land Use changes.- 16.3. Land Use Changes since 1700.- 16.4. Soil Degradation and Changes in Land Use Patterns.- 16.5. Summary and Conclusions.- 17. Historical Land Use Changes: The Netherlands.- 17.1. Introduction.- 17.2. Historical Trends of Land Use Patterns.- 17.3. Major Determinants of Historical Land Use Changes.- 17.4. Land Use Planning.- 17.5. Current and Future Trends.- 17.6. Conclusions.- 18. Historical Land Use Changes: Sweden.- 18.1. Introduction.- 18.2. Societal Development over the Past Three Hundred Years.- 18.3. The Ancient Order.- 18.4. Land Use Transformations over the Past Two Centuries.- 18.5. The Agrarian Revolution during the Nineteenth Century.- 18.6. Agricultural Development during the Twentieth Century.- 18.7. Woodland.- 18.8. The Impact of Increased Circulation of Chemicals in the Environment.- 18.9. Discussion and Conclusions.- 19. Historical Land Use Changes: Poland.- 19.1. Introduction.- 19.2. Changes in Economic Conditions and Land Use Patterns.- 19.3. Major Socio-economic Determinants of Land Utilization.- 19.4. Regional Differences and Marginal Areas.- 19.5. Socio-economic Development Trends and Changing Land Use Patterns in Poland.- 19.6. Conclusions.- 20. Historical Land Use Changes: Mediterranean Regions of Europe.- 20.1. Introduction.- 20.2. Historical Patterns of Development and Urbanization.- 20.3. The Period after the Second World War.- 20.4. Recent Development Patterns.- 20.5. Development Patterns and Land Use.- 20.6. Policy Responses to Pressing Problems.- 20.7. Conclusions.- 21. Land Use Statistics in Natural Resource Accounting Systems.- 21.1. Introduction.- 21.2. Natural Resource Accounting.- 21.3. Role of Land Use Statistics in NRA.- 21.4. Role of NRA in Policy analysis and Public Information.- 21.5. Summary and Conclusions.- 22. Analysis of Land Use Determinants in Support of Sustainable Development.- 22.1. Introduction.- 22.2. Analysis of Land in Support of Sustainable Development.- 22.3. Key Biophysical Variables.- 22.4. A Canadian Approach.- 22.5. Key Socio-economic Variables.- 22.6. Demands for Land.- 22.7. Selecting a Spatial Framework.- 22.8. Testing Scenarios within a Spatial Supply/Demand Framework.- 22.9. Conclusions.