Just Enough Nitrogen: Perspectives on How to Get There for Regions with Too Much and Too Little Nitrogen

ISBN-13: 9783030580643 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 608 str.

Sutton, Mark A.

Opis

This volume provides a unique collection of contributions addressing both the 'too much' and 'too little' sides of the nitrogen story. Building on analyses started at the 6th International Nitrogen Conference, Kampala, the book explores the idea of 'just enough nitrogen': sufficient for sustainable food production, but not so much as to lead to unsustainable pollution and climate problems. The range of nitrogen threats examined, solutions evaluated and science-policy analyses presented here has provided the foundation to agree the 'Kampala Statement-for-Action on Nitrogen in Africa and Globally,' as reported in this volume.Humanity today faces unprecedented challenges: How to feed a growing population? How to reduce air pollution, water pollution and climate change? How to handle regional differences in an era of increasing globalization? These questions are at the heart of this edited volume which examines the multi-dimensional nature of the global nitrogen challenge. While humans have massively altered the nitrogen cycle, the consequences have become polarized. Some regions have too much nitrogen, associated with pollution and wasteful use of a valuable resource, while other regions have too little nitrogen, leading to constraints on food production and depletion of soil nutrient stocks.The volume provides a unique collection of contributions addressing both the 'too much' and 'too little' sides of the nitrogen story. Building on analyses started at the 6th International Nitrogen Conference, Kampala, the book explores the idea of 'just enough nitrogen': sufficient for sustainable food production, but not so much as to lead to unsustainable pollution and climate problems. The range of nitrogen threats examined, solutions evaluated and science-policy analyses presented here has provided the foundation to agree the 'Kampala Statement-for-Action on Nitrogen in Africa and Globally,' as reported in this volume.Together, the contributions in this book are now informing actions by the International Nitrogen Initiative (INI) in working with the United Nations Environment Programme and others to establish the International Nitrogen Management System (INMS). A key outcome has been to catalyse development of the first Resolution on Sustainable Nitrogen Management, as adopted by the fourth UN Environment Assembly (UNEA/EA.4/Res.14).The work is written for researchers and policy makers and all those interested in seeing how sustainable nitrogen management can contribute to meeting many of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Spis treści

Preface

List of contributors

Acronyms and abbreviations

1    Just Enough Nitrogen: Summary and Synthesis of Outcomes

 

Part I   Food and Agriculture

 

Nitrogen and Food Security

2    Long Term Trends in Agronomical and Environmental Performances of World Cropping Systems: The Relationship between Yield and Nitrogen Input to Cropland at the Country and Regional Scales

3    A Critique of Combining Tillage Practices and Nitrogen for Enhanced Maize Production on a Humic Nitisol in Kenya

4    Influence of Varying Rates of Fertilizers on the Performance of Cacao (Theobroma cacao) Seedlings in the Nursery

5    Assessing Synergies and Trade-offs from Nitrogen Use in Africa

6    Potential of Extensification of European and Dutch Agriculture for a More Sustainable Food System Focusing on Nitrogen and Livestock

 

Nitrogen Intensification and Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Low-input Systems

7    History of Rhizobia Inoculants Use for Improving Performance of Grain Legumes Based on Experience from Nigeria

8    Producer Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices for Dry Beans and Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Kamuli District, Uganda

9    Performance of Mwitemania bean under the influence of nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium inoculant, water hyacinth composts and DAP fertilizer in a field infested with Aphis fabae and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

10 Biological Nitrogen Fixation of Pigeonpea and Groundnut: Quantifying Response across 18 Farm Sites in Northern Malawi

 

Improving Nitrogen Management in Fertilizers and Manures

11 Biological Determinants of Crop Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Biotechnological Avenues for Improvement

12 Nitrogen Loss when using Organic and Mineral Fertilizers on Soddy Podzolic Sandy-loam Soil in Central Russia

13 Sorghum Response to Nitrogen in Organic Carbon-Categorized Ferralsol and Andosol in Uganda

14 Evaluating Resource Use Efficiency and Stock Balances of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Inputs: The Effect of Soil Supply Capacity in Tigray (Ethiopia)

15 Rice Response to Nitrogen and Supplemental Irrigation under Low Phosphorus and Potassium in Upland Production Systems in East Africa

16 Contribution of Gliricidia sepium Pruning and Fallow to Sweet Corn (Zea mays L. var. rugosa) Yield, Nitrogen Uptake, Release Pattern and Use Efficiency in a Humid Tropical Environment of Malaysia

 

Part II   Nitrogen Impacts on Health, Ecosystems and Climate

 

Nitrogen Impacts on Health and Ecosystems

17  Further Evidence of the Haber-Bosch – Harmful Algal Bloom (HB-HAB) Link and the Risk of Suggesting HAB Control through Phosphorus Reductions only

18 Human Health Effects of Exposure to Nitrate, Nitrite, and Nitrogen Dioxide

19 Nitrogen Deposition to China’s Coastal Seas: Status and Ecological Impacts

20 Anthropogenic Nitrogen Loads to Freshwater: A High-Resolution Global Study

21 Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition in Spain: Emission and Deposition Trends, Critical Load Exceedances and Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems

 

Nitrogen, Climate Change and Trace Gas Enrichment

22 Nitrogen Aspects of the Free-Air CO₂ Enrichment (FACE) Study for Paddy Rice Ecosystems

23 Nitrous Oxide (N₂O) Emissions from Forests, Grasslands and Agricultural Soils in Northern Spain

24 Effect of Climate Change and Crop-year on the Yield and Nitrogen Fertilizer Efficiency in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Production

 

Part III   Management Tools and Assessment

 

Implementing Nitrogen Management Policies

25 DNMARK: Danish Nitrogen Mitigation Assessment: Research and Know-how for a Sustainable, Low-Nitrogen Food Production

 

Manure Management

6    Farm Level Assessment of Nitrogen Use Efficiency as part of Environmental Management

 

Multi-species and Agroforestry Systems

27 Agroforestry and Opportunities for Improved Nitrogen Management

Regional and Global Nitrogen Assessment

28 Global Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution

29 A First Approach to the Calculation of Nitrogen Footprint in Lisbon, Portugal

 

International Nitrogen Initiative Regional Centres

30 The INI European Regional Nitrogen Centre: Concepts and Vision

31 The INI African Regional Nitrogen Centre: Challenges and Opportunities in Africa

32 The INI South Asian Regional Nitrogen Centre: Capacity Building for Regional Nitrogen Assessment and Management

33 The INI East Asia Regional Nitrogen Centre: Balancing Food Production and Environment — Nitrogen-related Research and Management in East Asia

34 The INI North American Regional Nitrogen Center: 2011–2015 Nitrogen Activities in North America

35 The Latin America Regional Nitrogen Centre: Concepts and Recent Activities

 

Part IV   Conclusions and Outlook

 

36 Global Challenges for Nitrogen Science-Policy Interactions: Towards the International Management System (INMS) and Improved Coordination between Multi-Lateral Environmental Agreements

37 Pre-informed Consumers on a Pre-adjusted Menu had Smaller Nitrogen Footprints during the N2013 Conference, Kampala, than those on a Conventional Menu

38 The Kampala Statement-for-Action on Reactive Nitrogen in Africa and Globally

 

Appendix

 

Index

O autorze

Prof. Mark A. Sutton is an environmental physicist based at the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, in Edinburgh. An expert on atmospheric ammonia, he leads international research activities on nitrogen at the science–policy interface. He is a former chair of the International Nitrogen Initiative (INI) and currently directs the UNEP/GEF International Nitrogen Management System (INMS) and the UKRI Global Challenges Research Fund’s South Asian Nitrogen Hub.

Kate E. Mason is a professional archivist by training, based at the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh where she works in an editorial capacity as part of the International Nitrogen Coordination Team. In addition to being Managing Editor of the present volume, she was Managing Co-Editor of the Springer book, Nitrogen Deposition, Critical Loads and Biodiversity.

Dr. Albert Bleeker is an environmental scientist based at the Dutch National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM).  A former Director of Operations of the International Nitrogen Initiative and expert on nitrogen, atmospheric processes and critical loads, he now leads national scale analyses on nitrogen and environment. 

Dr. W. Kevin Hicks is Senior Research Fellow at the Stockholm Environment Institute, based at the University of York.  His research interests cover air pollution impacts on terrestrial ecosystems from local to global scales, ecosystem services, air pollution issues in developing countries, and the transfer of scientific information to the policy process. He has helped organize various workshops, including a global meeting on Nitrogen Deposition, Critical Loads and Biodiversity which was the subject of a book published by Springer (2014). He is the currently Director of the European Centre of the International Nitrogen Initiative (INI).

Dr. Cargele Masso is a Senior Researcher at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) based at its Yaoundé Research Station, Cameroon. An agronomist by training, his research focuses on nutrient management for improved livelihoods. He is a former Director of INI for Africa, and currently leads the East Africa Demonstration activity of the International Nitrogen Management System, focused on Lake Victoria Basin.

Prof. N. Raghuram is the Chair of the International Nitrogen Initiative and a biotechnologist based at the Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi. His research focuses on nitrogen use efficiency under the NEWS India-UK and UKRI-GCRF-SANH. He co-led the Indian Nitrogen Assessment and facilitated the UN resolution on ‘Sustainable Nitrogen Management’. He is a Steering Committee member of the UNEP-GPNM, Trustee of the Sustainable India Trust and Editor in Chief of the journal, Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants (Springer). 

Dr. Stefan Reis is Head of Atmospheric Chemistry and Effects (ACE) of the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, based in Edinburgh. He is an expert on integrated modelling and assessment of impacts of air pollution and climate change on human health and ecosystems. His work focuses on development and application of conceptual models to link human and ecosystem health impact assessment.

Prof. Mateete Bekunda is Chief Scientist of the Africa RISING Program’s East and Southern Africa Project funded by USAID:  ‘Sustainable Intensification of Maize-based Farming Systems of East and Southern Africa’, hosted by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, based at Arusha, Tanzania.  He is an expert in soil fertility, former Professor of Soil Science and Dean of the Faculty of Agriculture at Makerere University, and was previously INI Regional Director for Africa.

Blurb

This volume provides a unique collection of contributions addressing both the ‘too much’ and ‘too little’ sides of the nitrogen story. Building on analyses started at the 6th International Nitrogen Conference, Kampala, the book explores the idea of ‘just enough nitrogen’: sufficient for sustainable food production, but not so much as to lead to unsustainable pollution and climate problems. The range of nitrogen threats examined, solutions evaluated and science-policy analyses presented here has provided the foundation to agree the ‘Kampala Statement-for-Action on Nitrogen in Africa and Globally,’ as reported in this volume.

Humanity today faces unprecedented challenges: How to feed a growing population? How to reduce air pollution, water pollution and climate change? How to handle regional differences in an era of increasing globalization? These questions are at the heart of this edited volume which examines the multi-dimensional nature of the global nitrogen challenge. While humans have massively altered the nitrogen cycle, the consequences have become polarized. Some regions have too much nitrogen, associated with pollution and wasteful use of a valuable resource, while other regions have too little nitrogen, leading to constraints on food production and depletion of soil nutrient stocks.

Together, the contributions in this book are now informing actions by the International Nitrogen Initiative (INI) in working with the United Nations Environment Programme and others to establish the International Nitrogen Management System (INMS). A key outcome has been to catalyse development of the first Resolution on Sustainable Nitrogen Management, as adopted by the fourth UN Environment Assembly (UNEA/EA.4/Res.14).

The work is written for researchers and policy makers and all those interested in seeing how sustainable nitrogen management can contribute to meeting many of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.