Issues and Reviews in Teratology: Volume 4

ISBN-13: 9781461282501 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 388 str.

H. Kalter

Opis

Each new volume of this publication brings the privilege of expressing some of my thoughts on subjects of interest to its readers. In the past year or so public concern about environmental and societal dangers has largely turned to those of cosmic proportion-Chernobyl, the thinning ozone layer, AIDS, and the like-and thankfully our subject matter has been allowed a respite. Even the miniepidemic of craniofacial and other malformations caused by the retinoid antiacne drug Accutane made no headlines. Incidentally, this might have been a tragedy of far greater proportions had it not been nipped in the bud by the historical ground- work that quickly permitted it to be recognized as due to an environ- mental teratogen-the sort of fact the public and authorities inadequately appreciate. But there is a warning connected with this abeyance of media focus on teratological matters. Disquiet over cosmic imbalances will sub- side as they are corrected or horrendous projections fail to materialize, and even cures for dread infectious diseases, or Puritan revolution in- terdicting such plagues, will be forthcoming, and these things will occur long before congenital malformations are no more. And as the year-in and year-out recurrence of over 100,000 an- nual births of seriously malformed infants in the United States alone continues to force itself on the public consciousness, we can expect a heightened demand that "a cure" be found, because "if we can land a man on the moon, if we can prevent polio, why can't we . . .

Spis treści

1 Story of a Teratologist.- 1. Early Years.- 2. After the War.- 3. New York Incidents.- 4. Cincinnati in the 1930s.- 5. Becoming a Teratologist.- 6. Mental Retardation.- 7. Unusual Children.- 8. A Side Issue—Acrodynia.- 9. An Unwelcome Episode—Illness.- 10. The Book.- 11. Hobbies.- 12. Reading.- 13. A Geographical Adventure—Israel.- 14. Attempts at Applied Teratology—The National Foundation.- 15. Study Section.- 16. Terathanasia—An Idea.- 17. Thalidomide.- 18. Co-workers.- 19. Patient-Doctor Relations.- 20. My Physicians.- 21. Retiring.- References.- 2 One Hundred Years of Human Embryology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Early Studies.- 3. The His Era.- 3.1. Wilhelm His.- 3.2. Technical Advances.- 3.3. Anatomie menschlicher Embryonen.- 4. The Era of Monographs.- 4.1. Franz Keibel.- 4.2. Normentafeln.- 4.3. The Manual of Human Embryology.- 5. The Carnegie Era.- 5.1. Franklin P. Mall.- 5.2. The Carnegie Collection.- 5.3. The Carnegie Department of Embryology.- 5.4. The Contributions to Embryology.- 5.5. Abnormal Embryos.- 5.6. George L. Streeter.- 5.7. Embryonic Staging.- 5.8. Prenatal Length and Weight.- 5.9. Prenatal Age.- 5.10. Other Institutions.- 5.11. Histochemistry.- 5.12. Embryological Nomenclature.- 5.13. Placentology.- 6. The Recent Period.- 6.1. The Carnegie Collection.- 6.2. Electron Microscopy.- 6.3. In Vitro Fertilization.- 6.4. Fetology.- 6.5. Prenatal Diagnosis.- 7. The Future.- 8. Summary and Conclusion.- References.- 3 Collection and Scientific Use of Human Embryonic and Fetal Material: 25 Years of Experience.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 2.1. Public Relations.- 2.2. Procurement and Transport of Specimens.- 2.3. Laboratory Space, Equipment, and Storage.- 2.4. Postmortem Condition and Artifacts.- 2.5. Methods for Serial Sectioning.- 2.6. Staining Methods.- 2.7. Recording and Retrieval of Information.- 2.8. Financial Aspects.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Intake.- 3.2. Sex Ratio and Seasonal Variation.- 3.3. Nature of Spontaneous Abortions.- 3.4. Malformation Rates.- 3.5. Fetal Growth Standards.- 3.6. Fetal Pathology.- 3.7. Serial Section Collection of Embryos.- 3.8. Monitoring.- 3.9. Organ Culture of Thyroid and Other Organs.- 4. Projects by Scientists Supplied Material.- 4.1. Patterned Appearance of Embryonic Cell Surface Antigens.- 4.2. Emersion of Bioactivation of Xenobiotics in the Fetus.- 4.3. Use of Embryonic and Fetal Tissues for Genetic Engineering.- 4.4. Development of the Human Palate.- 4.5. Closure of the Anterior Neural Tube.- 4.6. Development of Human Embryonic and Fetal Skin.- 5. Discussion.- 5.1. Why Use Human Tissues.- 5.2. The Lost Romance of Human Embryology.- 5.3. The Early Human Fetus: Neglected Stage of Development.- 5.4. Problems in Collecting.- 6. Summary.- References.- 4 Liability to Cleft Lip and Palate: Interpreting the Human Data.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Classification.- 3. Genetic Studies.- 3.1. Basic Observations.- 3.2. The Multifactorial/Threshold (MF/T) Model.- 3.3. Segregation Analyses and Related Studies.- 3.4. Discussion.- 4. Investigations Seeking Environmental Influences on Liability.- 4.1. Geographical Variation.- 4.2. Temporal Variation.- 4.3. Parental Factors.- 4.4. Aspects of Pregnancy.- 4.5. Putative Teratogens.- 4.6. Vitamin Supplementation.- 4.7. Discussion.- 5. Investigations Seeking Indicators of Liability Variation.- 5.1. Minor Anatomical Variation.- 5.2. Additional Defects.- 5.3. Associations of Major Malformations in Families.- 5.4. Fetal Wastage and Sex Ratio.- 6. Interpreting the Human Data.- References.- 5 The Relation between Alcohol Consumption and Pregnancy Outcome in Humans: A Critique.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pregnancy Outcome in Alcoholic Women.- 2.1. The Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.- 2.2. Epidemiological Studies of Alcoholic Women.- 2.3. Discussion.- 3. Pregnancy Outcome and Moderate Drinking.- 3.1. Measuring Alcohol Consumption in Pregnancy.- 3.2. Low Birthweight and Preterm Delivery.- 3.3. Congenital Malformations.- 3.4. Stillbirth.- 3.5. Spontaneous Abortion.- 3.6. Discussion.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 6 Experimental Teratology of Ethanol.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Prenatal and Perinatal Mortality.- 3. Teratogenicity.- 3.1. Craniofacial Malformations.- 3.2. Cardiac Malformations.- 3.3. Limb Malformations.- 3.4. Abdominal-Wall and Urogenital Malformations.- 3.5. Skeletal Anomalies.- 3.6. Miscellaneous Defects.- 4. Intrauterine Growth Retardation.- 5. Dosage Requirements.- 5.1. Route of Administration and Resulting Blood Alcohol Level.- 5.2. Prenatal and Perinatal Mortality.- 5.3. Teratogenicity.- 5.4. Intrauterine Growth Retardation.- 5.5. Summary.- 6. Assessment of Animal Studies.- 6.1. Method of Administration.- 6.2. Control Groups.- 6.3. Endpoints.- 6.4. Species.- 7. Proximate Teratogen: Ethanol or Acetaldehyde.- 7.1. Pharmacokinetics and Placental Transfer.- 7.2. Direct Action of Ethanol.- 7.3. Direct Action of Acetaldehyde.- 7.4. Summary and Implications.- 8. Mechanism of Action of Ethanol.- 8.1. Direct Embryonic Cell Damage.- 8.2. Maternal Malnutrition.- 8.3. Fetal Malnutrition.- 8.4. Depressed Protein Synthesis.- 8.5. Fetal Hypoxia.- 8.6. Paternally Mediated Toxicity.- 9. Conclusions.- References.- 7 Animal Models for Diabetes-Induced Embryopathies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vivo Models.- 2.1. Drug-Induced Animal Diabetes.- 2.2. Spontaneously Diabetic Animals.- 3. In Vitro Models.- 3.1. Hyperglycemia.- 3.2. Serum from Diabetic Animals.- 3.3. Insulin.- 3.4. Ketone Bodies.- 3.5. Somatomedin Inhibitors.- 3.6. Hypoglycemia.- 3.7. Synergism Studies.- 3.8. Other Factors.- 4. Summary.- References.- 8 The Developmental Toxicology of Caffein.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. History and Use of Caffeine-Containing Foods and Beverages.- 1.2. Public Health Concerns about Caffeine.- 2. Consumption and Use of Caffeine-Containing Foods and Beverages.- 3. Chemistry of the Methylxanthines.- 4. Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics.- 5. Animal Studies.- 5.1. Morphological Teratology.- 5.2. Behavioral Teratology.- 5.3. Reproduction.- 5.4. Mutagenicity.- 6. Epidemiology of Caffeine-Associated Reproductive Toxicity and Teratogenicity.- 7. Risk Assessment.- 7.1. Extrapolation of Animal Data.- 7.2. Factors Controlling Human Intakes.- 7.3. Safety Factors.- 8 References.