Islands in the Sand: Ecology and Management of Nearshore Hardbottom Reefs of East Florida

ISBN-13: 9783030403560 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 472 str.

Daniel A. McCarthy; Kenyon C. Lindeman; David B. Snyder

Spis treści

Section 1. Nearshore Hardbottom within the East Florida and Caribbean Seascape

Chapter 1. Introduction: the Habitat and the Ecosystem 

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Ecological Concepts and terms

1.3. Nearshore, Intermediate and Offshore Hardbottom

1.4. Species: Windows into Assemblages 

1.5. Equilibrium and Scale

1.6. Ecological Functions

Chapter 2. Shallow Hardbottom of East Florida and the Caribbean and the Regional Shelf Setting

2.1 Introduction 

2.2 Geological and Biological Attributes of Nearshore Hardbottom

2.3 Distribution of Shallow Hardbottom along East Florida and the Caribbean

2.4 Offshore Hardbottom Areas

2.5 Regional Setting: Currents and Shelf Margins

2.5.1 Currents and Upwelling

2.5.2 Tides, Wind Events, Wave Activity, and Hurricanes

Section 2. Organisms and Assemblages of East Florida Nearshore Hardbottom

Chapter 3. Macroalgae and Cyanobacteria

3.1 Introduction

3.1.1. Functional Form Groups

3.1.2. Latitudinal Gradients

3.1.3. Depth Gradients

3.1.4. Algal Reproduction

3.2 Summary

Chapter 4. Invertebrates

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Sessile Species

4.2.1. Polychaetes

4.2.2. Anthozoans

4.2.3. Sponges

4.2.4. Hydrozoans

4.2.5. Tunicates and Bryozoans

4.2.6. Molluscs (sessile)

4.2.7. Barnacles

4.3. Motile Species

4.3.1. Crustaceans

4.3.2. Gastropods and Other Molluscs

4.3.3. Echinoderms

4.4. Summary

4.4.1. Diversity

4.4.2. Trophic patterns and Functional Groups

4.4.3. Latitudinal and Cross-shelf Distribution

4.4.4. Reproduction and Life-history

4.4.5. Dispersal and Connectivity

4.4.6. Recruitment and Cross-shelf Habitat Use

4.4.7. Economic and Recreational Value

4.4.8. Importance of Hardbottom to Invertebrates

Chapter 5. Fish Assemblages

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Taxonomic Composition

5.3 Reproduction and Early Life History

5.4 Feeding

5.5 Movement 

5.6 Summary

5.6.1 Species Richness

5.6.2 Spawning

5.6.3 Settlement and Early Associations with Habitat

5.6.4 Developmental Patterns and Cross-shelf Habitat Use

5.6.5 Latitudinal variations in Shallow hardbottom Fish Assemblages

Chapter 6. Marine Turtles

6.1. Introduction

6.1.1. Adult Marine Turtles

6.1.2. Hatchling Marine Turtles

6.1.3. Predators

6.1.4. Water Depth

6.1.5. Seasonality

6.2 Species Overviews

6.2.1. Green Turtles

6.2.2. Loggerhead Turtles

6.2.3. Hawksbill Turtles

6.3. Disturbance Events and Turtles

6.3.1. Shoreline Project Disturbances

6.3.2. Red Tide Disturbances

6.4. Summary

Section 3. Functions of Nearshore Hardbottom and Mitigation Alternatives

Chapter 7. Functional Ecological Attributes of Shallow Hardbottom

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Ecological Functioning Group

7.2.1. Structure-Shelter Associated Functional Groupings

7.2.2. Trophic Functional Groupings

7.3. Latitudinal Comparisons

7.4. Disturbance Ecology

7.5. Obligate and Facultative Habitat Use

7.6. Population Connectivity and Maintenance

Chapter 8. Mitigating Shallow Hardbottom Impacts

8.1.  Stressors and Effects

8.1.1. Ecological Assessment Frameworks

8.1.2. Stressors, Responses, and Effects

8.2. Mitigation and Nearshore Hardbottom Burial

8.2.1. Artificial Reefs

8.2.2. Monitoring

8.3. Conclusions on Management and Mitigation 

8.4. Research Needs

Literature Cited

Appendices

O autorze

Daniel McCarthy, PhD, is a Professor with the Department of Biology and Marine Science, and the Marine Science Research Institute, at Jacksonville University. He is a marine benthic ecologist with over 25 years of field and laboratory research experience. His research has focused on the ecology and restoration of coastal reef and estuarine systems. He obtained his Bachelor of Science at Jacksonville University, Master of Science at Florida State University, and PhD at Kings College, University of London. He served as a Postdoctoral Fellow with the Smithsonian Institution for three years before coming to Jacksonville University.

Ken Lindeman, PhD, is a Professor in the Dept. of Ocean Engineering and Marine Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology. His work focuses on nearshore habitats, fish development, marine protected areas, and coastal climate adaptation. He has worked as a research scientist with NOAA, the University of Miami, and several conservation science nonprofit organizations. Over 70 research publications include articles in over 20 peer-review journals and three co-authored or co-edited books. He received a BS in Biological Sciences at FIT, MS in Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, and PhD at the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami.   

David Snyder, MS is a senior scientist with CSA Ocean Sciences Inc in Stuart, Florida. He is a fish ecologist and marine biologist with more than 35 years of experience.  He has participated marine environmental assessments worldwide and has sampled fishes from a variety of habitats ranging from the continental slope to freshwater streams. Such efforts have included multiple surveys of fishes and epibiota associated with nearshore reefs subject to impact from dredge and fill projects off the eastern and western Florida coasts. He obtained his Bachelor of Science from University of Florida and his Master of Science from Florida Atlantic University.

Karen Holloway-Adkins, PhD, research interests center on sea turtle ecology; studying inwater developmental habitat and the ecological role of sea turtles in marine ecosystems. Special interests include macroalgae identification, grazer impacts on aquatic vegetation, and discerning resource competition vs. partitioning among herbivores. Karen is a biologist and the Executive Director of East Coast Biologists, Inc. (a non-profit for scientific research and education) in Indialantic, Florida. She received Bachelor and Master’s degrees in biology from University of Central Florida and a Doctoral degree from Florida Atlantic University. She currently serves as Courtesy Affiliate Faculty within the Biology Department at both universities  

Blurb

Nearshore hardbottom reefs of Florida’s east coast are used by over 1100 species of fishes, invertebrates, algae, and sea turtles. These rocky reefs support reproduction, settlement, and habitat use, and are energy sources and sinks. They are also buried by beach renourishment projects in which artificial reefs are used for mitigation. This comprehensive book is for research scientists and agency personnel, yet accessible to interested laypersons including beachfront residents and water-users.

An unprecedented collection of research information and often stunning color photographs are assembled including over 1250 technical citations and 127 figures. These shallow reefs are part of a mosaic of coastal shelf habitats including estuarine seagrasses and mangroves, and offshore coral reefs.

These hardbottom habitats are federally designated as Essential Fish Habitats - Habitats of Particular Concern and are important feeding areas for federally-protected sea turtles. Organismal and assemblage responses to natural and man-made disturbances, including climate change, are examined in the context of new research and management opportunities for east Florida’s islands in the sand.