Invitation to Economics: The Mediation of Difference

ISBN-13: 9781405183581 / Angielski / Twarda / 2009 / 352 str.

Thomas Mayer

Opis

Invitation to Economics empowers the reader to spot naive and spurious economic arguments by inculcating an intuitive 'feel' for economics.

• A unique and critical guide to understanding economic arguments in the media
  
• Focuses on microeconomics, specifically on the idea that economic policies often have important indirect effects
  
• Key ideas are applied repeatedly in numerous case studies drawn from newspapers and other media
  
• Economic principles are presented in an accessible and non-rigorous format using case studies
  
• Incorporates the value judgments and political judgments that underlie economic policies

Recenzje

This well–written, clearly organized book presents a nontechnical, overarching view of economic theory and how it gets applied and interpreted ( Choice Reviews, June 2009)

Spis treści

List of Boxes.

Preface.

1. Introduction.

1.1 What This Book Provides.

1.2 Looking around Corners.

1.3 Ideological Stance.

1.4 Economics Embedded in Philosophy and Sociology.

1.5 My Own Biases.

1.6 What Is to Come?.

Part I: The Subject of Economics:.

2. What Economists Do.

2.1 What Economics Encompasses.

2.2 How Economists Work.

2.3 Some Characteristics of Economics.

Appendix 2.1: Unrealistic Assumptions Can a Good Theory Make.

Appendix 2.2: Is the Stock Market Efficient?.

3. How Well Do They Do It?.

3.1 Forecasting.

3.2 Choosing the Right Policies: The Problem of Value Judgments.

3.3 Implementing Economic Policies.

3.4 Biases.

3.5 Disagreement among Economists.

Appendix 3.1: A Survey of American Academic Economists Opinions.

Part II: Some Infrastructure:.

4. Beguiling Words.

4.1 Some Widely Used Terms and Phrases.

4.2 Some Terms and Phrases Relating to Economics and Politics.

5. Important Economic Ideas: Often Misunderstood.

5.1 Levels versus Rates of Change.

5.2 Stocks versus Flows.

5.3 Real versus Nominal.

5.4 Future versus Current Dollars.

5.5 The Price Level versus Relative Prices.

5.6 Stable Prices versus Low Prices.

5.7 Gross versus Net and Single versus Double Counting.

5.8 Opportunity Costs versus Monetary Costs.

5.9 Cost––Benefit Analysis.

5.10 Wage Rates versus Labor Costs.

5.11 Capital Goods versus Human Capital.

5.12 Marginal versus Average Utility.

5.13 Marginal versus Average Costs.

5.14 Big Business versus Market Power.

5.15 Pro–market versus Pro–business.

6.16 "Should" and "Can" versus "Will".

5.17 Comparative versus Absolute Advantage.

Part III: Economic Theory and Policy:.

6. The Crown Jewel of Economics: The Price Mechanism.

6.1 An Overview of the Price Mechanism.

6.2 Equilibrium.

6.3 Shortages.

6.4 A Digression: The Equilibrium of the Firm.

6.5 What Happens in the Absence of a Price Mechanism?.

6.6 The Dark Side of the Price Mechanism.

6.7 The Upshot.

Appendix 6.1: More on Supply and Demand.

7. Risk Taking and Incentives.

7.1 Risk Bearing and Entrepreneurship.

7.2 Incentives.

8. Looking around Corners.

8.1 Do Easier Bankruptcy Laws Help the Poor?.

8.2 Should Artists Receive a Share of the Capital Gain When Their Work Is Resold?.

8.3 Do We Want Fewer People Exploiting the Poor?.

8.4 Cut the Gas Tax to Slow the Rise of Soaring Gas Prices?.

8.5 A Costless Way to Alleviate Destitution in Third World Countries?.

8.6 Ban or Fine All Speculators?.

8.7 Is Limiting Tobacco Advertising an Effective Policy?.

8.8 Would Importing Pharmaceuticals from Canada Substantially Lower Drug Prices?.

8.9 An Efficient and Humane Way to Reduce Cocaine Production?.

8.10 Protecting Lives by Requiring Use of Seatbelts?.

8.11 Do You Really Want Your Bid to Win?.

8.12 Is Fast Chinese Growth Bad for the United States?.

8.13 In Emergencies Should Prices Ration Supply, Thus Letting the Rich Outbid the Poor?.

8.14 Is Gaining from Someone s Misfortune a Moral Wrong?.

8.15 Should Those Close at Hand Have a Special Responsibility to Alleviate Misery?.

8.16 Seven Short Ones.

8.17 On the Other Hand.

9. Natural Resources and Environmental Economics.

9.1 Running Out of Privately Owned Natural Resources.

9.2 The Tragedy of the Commons.

9.3 Pollution Permits and Taxes on Pollutants.

9.4 Tail–pipe Pollution.

9.5 Protecting Endangered Species.

Part IV: Looking at Data:.

10. Empirical Economics.

10.1 Role of Empirical Work in Economics.

10.2 Types of Empirical Evidence.

10.3 What to Watch Out for in Statistics: Some General Problems.

Appendix 10.1: Survey Data.

Appendix 10.2: Measuring GDP, Savings Rates, Price Indexes, Employment, and Poverty.

11. Some Simple (?) Ways of Presenting Data: Percentages, Figures, and Graphs.

11.1 Percentages.

11.2 Figures and graphs.

12. Samples and Their Problems.

12.1 Selecting a Representative Sample.

12.2 Watching for Inappropriate Samples.

12.3 The Regression Fallacy: Building a Bias into the Sample.

12.4 Sample Size and Coincidence.

12.5 Sampling Error, Confidence Intervals, and Significance.

12.6 Some Warnings about Significance Tests.

Appendix 12.1: The Normal Distribution.

13. Regressions: The Workhorse of Empirical Economics.

13.1 The Regression Coefficient.

13.2 How Well Does the Regression Fit the Data?.

13.3 What Should You Look at in a Regression?.

13.4 A Summing Up.

13.5 Looking the Workhorse in the Mouth.

13.6 In Conclusion.

14. The Workhorse in Action: Some Examples of Empirical Economics.

14.1 Consumption and Saving.

14.2 Should You Choose a Large Mutual Fund?.

14.3 The Slave Trade and African Economic Development.

14.4 The Effect of Tax Changes on Real GDP.

Epilogue.

Index

O autorze

Thomas Mayer is Emeritus Professor of Economics, University of California, Davis. He has also taught at Notre Dame University and Michigan State University, and as a visitor at West Virginia University and the University of California, Berkeley. He has written numerous articles in professional journals, and is the author or co–author of eight previous books. In 1978 he served as president of the Western Economic Association and in 1978–79 as chairman of the International Network for Economic Method, and has served on the editorial boards of several professional journals.

Blurb

Our media is filled with stories of economics and policymaking. This book helps you to keep your head above water in this sea of information by empowering you to spot naive and spurious economic arguments. In short, this book will help you become a critical consumer of economic arguments. Accordingly, the book provides many examples of these arguments, and explains why they are wrong.

It is not, however, just an exercise in negation; it does present some economic theory, though not in a formal and rigorous way. Instead of stressing a well–explicated theory, it inculcates an intuitive feel for economics, which economics courses often overlook due to their strong emphasis on the technical apparatus of economics. Even those who have taken some economics courses, therefore, will still find much to learn from this book.