Introduction to Sustainability

ISBN-13: 9781119675464 / Angielski / Miękka / 2021 / 464 str.

Robert Brinkmann

Spis treści

Acknowledgments xvAbout the Author xviiAbout the Companion Website xix1 Roots of the Modern Sustainability Movement 1Meaning of Sustainability 1Nineteenth Century Environmentalism 3Pinchot, Roosevelt, and Muir 5Aldo Leopold and the Land Ethic 6Better Living Through Chemistry, The Great Smog of 1952, and Rachel Carson 8Environmental Activism of the 1960s and 1970s and the Development of Environmental Policy 10The Growth of Environmental Laws in the 1960s and 1970s 13The First Earth Day 14International Concerns 14Ozone and the World Comes Together 15Globalization and the Brundtland Report 16Deep Ecology 18Environmental Justice 19Measuring Sustainability 21The Climate Change Challenge 23The Road Ahead 24Organization 262 Understanding Natural Systems 29The Earth, its Layers, and the Rock Cycle 29The Rock Cycle 32Biogeochemical Cycles 33Water and the Water Cycle 34The Carbon Cycle and Global Climate Change 37Global Climate Change and the Carbon Cycle 38The Sulfur Cycle 40The Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles 42Nitrate Pollution of groundwater 45Organisms and Ecosystems 46Urban Ecosystems 49Understanding the Anthropocene 533 Measuring Sustainability 57The United Nations Millennium Goals 58The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 59National sustainability planning 60Canada 64Bhutan 67Regional sustainability planning 69Local sustainability measurement 73Green local governments in Florida 75Specific community plans 79PlaNYC 79London and sustainability 81Small towns and sustainability 84Business sustainability 854 Energy 89World Energy Production and Consumption 89Traditional or "Dirty" Energy Resources 91Oil 91Oil shale and tar sands 93Natural gas 95Coal 97Coal mining 98Pollution from coal 99Green energy 100Biomass 100Biomass: wood, manure, peat, and other organic sources 100Burning of garbage: waste-to-energy 101Conversion of biomass to liquid or gas fuel 102Wind energy 103Solar energy 105Passive solar energy 105Active solar energy 106Concentrated solar power 107Critiques of solar power 107Nuclear energy 107Other innovations 110Energy efficiency 110Living off the grid 1125 Global Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Management 113The end of nature? 113The science of global climate change: The greenhouse effect 114Water vapor 116Carbon dioxide 116Methane 118Sinks of carbon 120Forests 120Reefs 120The IPCC and evidence for climate change, and the future of our planet 121Ocean acidification 122Phenological changes 123Conducting greenhouse gas inventories 124Step 1 Setting boundaries 125Step 2 Defining scope 125Step 3 Choosing a quantitative approach 126Step 4 Setting a baseline year 126Step 5 Engaging stakeholders 126Step 6 Procuring certification 127Greenhouse gas equivalents used in greenhouse gas accounting 127Greenhouse gas emission scopes 128De minimis emissions 129Computing greenhouse gas credits 129Climate action plans 129Religion and climate change 135Evangelical Environmental Network 136Young Evangelicals for Climate Action 136Catholic Climate Covenant 136Jewish Climate Change Campaign 137The International Muslim Conference on Climate Change 138Buddhist Declaration on Climate Change 138Hindu Declaration on Climate Change 138Art, culture, and climate change 139Swoon 139Raul Cardenas Osuna and Toro Labs 139Isaac Cordal 1406 Water 143Sources of water 143Consumption trends 148Sources of water pollution 150Agricultural pollution 150Industrial pollution 150Storm water pollution 151Sewage 152Leaking underground tanks 153Landfills 153Water management and conservation 155National and regional water conservation and management 155Water as a tool for regional development 156Water supply management 157Hard path water management 157Soft path water management 158Water management and innovation 159Water quality 161Understanding drainage basins 168Drainage basins out of synch 169Drainage basin pollution 169Stream profile and base level 169Lakes 169Seas 171Oceans 1717 Food and Agriculture 173Development of modern agriculture 173Meat production 177Piggeries 178Feed lots 179Chicken houses 179World agricultural statistics 181Food deserts and obesity 182Sustainable alternatives to the industrial food movement 185Vegetarianism and veganism 185Organic farming 186Small farm movement 186Locavores 188Farm to table 189Community sponsored agriculture 191Community gardens 193Farmers' markets 193Beekeeping 195The urban chicken movement 196Guerilla gardening, freegans, and other radical approaches to food 1968 Green Building 201LEED rating systems 201Site selection 204Brownfield development 204Other aspects of sustainable building siting 207Water use 207Energy and atmospheric health 208Materials and resources 210Material re-use 211Recycled content of construction material 211Locally derived materials 211Renewable materials and certified sustainable wood 212Waste management 212Summary 213Indoor environmental quality 213Ventilation and air delivery monitoring 213Construction indoor air quality management 214Use of low-emitting materials 214Indoor chemical and pollution source control 215Controllability and design of lighting and temperature systems 215Access to daylight 215Summary 215Innovation 215Regional priorities 216Expansion of green building technology 216Other green building rating systems 216BREEAM 217PassivHaus 219Green building policy 220Critiques of green building 221The greenest building and historic preservation 222Small house movement 226Further reading 2299 Transportation 231Transportation options 232Vehicles 232Cars 234Trucks 234Vehicles and fuels 235Electric cars 237Automated Vehicles 238Rail 238Ship transport 239Bulk carriers 239Container ships 239Tankers 240Refrigerated ships 240Roll-on/roll-off ships 240Environmental issues associated with ship transport 240Air transport 241Space travel 243Roads 245Environmental issues with roads 246Storm water pollution management 246Street sweeping 250Ground stability 250Mass transit 252Forms of mass transit 252Railways 252Light rail 253Buses 253Bus rapid transit 254Ferries 254Transit hubs and transit-oriented development 254The future 25510 Pollution and Waste 259Pollution 259Chemical pollution 259Metals 259Organic compounds 260Nutrients 261Radioactive Pollutants 262Pharmaceutical pollutants 263Heat pollution 263Light pollution 264Noise pollution 265Visual pollution 265Littering 266Understanding pollution distribution 266The US approach to pollution 268Clean Air Act 268Clean Water Act 270National Environmental Policy Act 271Superfund 272Sewage treatment 274Sewage and sustainability 277Garbage and recycling 277Garbage composition 278Managing garbage 278Landfills 279Reducing waste 280Composting 281Recycling 28111 Environmental Justice 287Social justice 287Civil rights and the modern environmental movement in the United States 290Lead pollution and the growth of the urban environmental justice movement 291Environmental racism in the United States 293Brownfields, community re-development, and environmental justice 295US EPA and environmental justice 297Indigenous people and environmental justice 299Exporting environmental problems 300Environmental justice around the world 301Environmental justice in Europe 302Environmental justice in Asia and the Pacific 302The Three Gorges Dam 302Bhopal and environmental justice in India 303Tuvalu and global climate change 304Environmental justice in Africa 305Environmental justice in Latin America and the Caribbean: oil pollution in Ecuador 306Environmental justice in a Globalized World 30812 Sustainability Planning and Governance 313Local governments and their structure 313The role of citizens and stakeholders in local government 314Community stakeholders 315Boundaries and types of local governments 316Leadership 319Efforts to aid local governments on sustainability issues 319Scale and local governments 321Green regional development 322Sustainable development 326Globalization 327Development of globalization 328Drivers of globalization 329Internet and communications 329Transportation 330Economic development 331Transnational organizations 332War and sustainability 339Further reading 34213 Sustainability, Economics, and the Global Commons 343The global commons 343Economic processes that put the Earth out of balance 345Social and economic theories 346Neoclassical economics 346Environmental critiques of neoliberalism 347Environmental economics 349Cost-benefit analysis and its application in environmental economics 349Environmental impact assessment 351Environmental ethics 352Green economics 352Non-capitalistic economies 353Deep ecology 353Ecofeminism 356Destruction regardless of theory 356Environmental economics: externalities 357Measuring the economy 358Green jobs 36214 Corporate and Organizational Sustainability Management 371Cognitive dissonance 371Why are businesses concerned with sustainability? 372Profit 372Public relations 372Altruism 372Concern over the long-term sustainability of the industry 373Professional standards and norms 373Total quality management and sustainability 373People, planet, and profits 374Ray Anderson, the father of the green corporation and the growth of green corporate environmentalism 379Anderson's legacy 380Greenwashing in the corporate world 380Green consumers 380Global Reporting Initiative 382Sustainability reporting in the S & P 500 382Dow Jones Sustainability Index 385Sustainability reporting 388International Organization for Standardization (ISO): ISO 14000 and ISO 26000 388ISO 14000 388ISO 26000 388Case studies of sustainability at the corporate level 389Walmart 391Unilever 393Lessons from Walmart and Unilever 395Can businesses with unsustainable products be sustainable? 39615 Sustainability at Universities, Colleges, and Schools 401Curriculum at colleges and universities 401Sustainability curriculum at K-12 schools 403External benchmarking 405American Association for Sustainability in Higher Education 405Presidents' Climate Leadership Commitments 406Other external benchmarking organizations 408Internal initiatives 409Sustainability officers 410Sustainability committees 411Food service 411Student and faculty activism 414Building your own case study 417Sustainability at Oxford: a campus commitment 418Making school lunches healthier in the United States 419The cow powered carbon neutral campus 421Whitman College builds wind turbines on campus farm 421Stanford University: dumping the car for bikes 422Green fleets: The University of South Florida's biodiesel Bullrunner 422Community engagement at Portland State University 423Green buildings on college campuses: University of Florida goes for gold 424Native and sustainable landscaping at one of the largest schools in the nation: Valencia College 425Campus archaeology at Michigan State University 425Index 427

O autorze

ROBERT (BOB) BRINKMANN is the Dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at Northern Illiinois University where he is also a Professor in the Department of Geology and Environment and is the author of many books and research articles in the field of sustainability. Bob has served as an officer in many organizations including Chair of the Board of the National Cave and Karst Research Institute.