Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram in Small Animals

ISBN-13: 9781119763055 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 400 str.

Nick A. Schroeder

Spis treści

Main IntroductionPart I: The P-QRS-T: IntroductionChapter 1 The P-QRS-T: The BasicsChapter 2 The P-QRS-T: Some AbnormalitiesChapter 3 The P-QRS-T: TroublePart II: Aberrancy: IntroductionChapter 4 Atrial AberrancyChapter 5 Right Bundle Branch Block1) Left Bundle Branch Block2) Fascicular Blocks3) Wide Complex Supraventricular Tachycardia and Interventricular Conduction DisturbancesPart III: Arrhythmias: IntroductionSinoatrial Arrhythmias: Introduction4) Sinoatrial Bradyarrhythmias5) Sinoatrial Block6) Sick Sinus Syndrome7) Sinoatrial TachyarrhyhmiasAtrial Arrhythmias: Introduction8) Atrial Bradyarrhythmias9) Atrial Extrasystoles10) Atrial Tachycardia11) Bypass-Tract Mediated Supraventricular Tachycardia12) Atrial Flutter13) Atrial FibrillationJunctional Arrhythmias: Introduction14) Junctional Bradyarrhythmias15) Atrioventricular Block16) Junctional Extrasystoles17) Junctional TachycardiaVentricular Arrhythmias: Introduction18) Ventricular Bradyarrhythmias19) Ventricular Extrasystoles20) Ventricular Tachycardia, Flutter and FibrillationPart IV: Pacemakers: Introduction21) Pacemakers: The Basics22) Pacemakers: Some Abnormalities23) Pacemakers: TroubleIndividual Chapter Subsections:Chapter 1 The P-QRS-T: The BasicsLeadsWaveforms/intervalsAmplitudesPaper speedsMean electrical axisFalse polingSitus InversusChapter 2 The P-QRS-T: Some AbnormalitiesP pulmonale/right atrial abnormalityP pseudo-pulmonaleP mitrale/left atrial abnormalityInterratrial conduction defectP pseudo-mitraleP biatriale/biatrial abnormalityP pseudo-biatrialeRight ventricular hypertrophy/right axis deviationLeft ventricular hypertrophy/left axis deviationBiventricular hypertrophyHorizontal axisVertical axisIndeterminant axisEarly repolarizationChapter 3 The P-QRS-T: TroubleP-R segment changesQ-T segment changesThe prolonged QRSHyperkalemiaHypokalemiaOther changescalciummagnesiumQ-Ti prolongationhypothermiaDigoxin effectsCushing's responseS-T segment elevation/depressionmyocardial infarction/ischemic changesLow-voltage QRSElectrical alternansPericarditisChapter 4 Atrial AberrancyInteratrial/Intra-atrial blockChung's phenomenonAtrial ectopyChapter 5 Right Bundle Branch BlockIncomplete right bundle branch blockAshman's phenomenon/2nd-in-a-row anomalyRate-dependent and intermittent right bundle branch blockComplete right bundle branch blockChapter 6 Left Bundle Branch BlockIncomplete left bundle branch blockRate-dependent and intermittent left bundle branch blockComplete left bundle branch blockChapter 7 Fascicular BlocksLeft anterior fascicular blockLeft medial fascicular blockLeft posterior fascicular blockBilateral bundle branch blockBifascicular blockMasquerading bundle branch blockTrifascicular blockArborization blockChapter 8 Wide Complex Supraventricular Tachycardia and Interventricular Conduction DisturbancesWide complex supraventricular tachycardiaInterventricular conduction disturbancesChapter 9 Sinoatrial BradyarrhythmiasSinus bradycardiaSinus arrhythmiaNon-phasic sinus arrhythmiaPhasic sinus arrhythmiaRespiratory sinus arrhythmiaWandering pacemakerNon-respiratory phasic sinus arrhythmiaVentriculophasic sinus arrhythmiaSinus bigeminySinoatrial escape-capture bigeminySinus pauseSinus arrestAsystoleChapter 10 Sinoatrial BlockType I 2nd degree sinoatrial blockType II 2nd degree sinoatrial blockChapter 11 Sick Sinus SyndromeOverdrive suppressionSinus nodal dysfunctionBradycardia variantTachycardia-bradycardia variantChapter 12 Sinoatrial TachyarrhythmiasSinoatrial extrasystolesReciprocationParasystoleSinus tachycardiaSinus nodal reentrant tachycardiaChapter 13 Atrial BradyarrhythmiasAtrial escape beatsAtrial escape-capture bigeminyAtrial escape rhythmAtrial standstillHyperkalemiaSinoventricular rhythmAtrial muscular dystrophyChapter 14 Atrial ExtrasystolesAtrial premature complexesRight atrial premature complexesLeft atrial premature complexesMultifocal atrial premature complexesResettingResetting with a pauseInterpolationAtrial bigeminyAtrial trigeminyAtrial premature complexes with aberrancySupernormal excitationNon-conducted atrial premature complexesAtrial fusionReciprocationParasystoleChapter 15 Atrial TachycardiaAccelerated atrial rhythmAutomatic atrial tachycardiaInterratrial reentrant tachycardiaAtrial dissociationChapter 16 Bypass-Tract Mediated Supraventricular TachycardiaVentricular pre-excitation and accessory pathwaysVentricular fusionAtrial echoAtrioventricular reentrant tachycardiaOrthodromicAntidromicChapter 17 Atrial FlutterAtrial flutterType I atrial fluttertypicalreverse typical/atypicalType II atrial flutter ("true atypical")Atrioventricular blockArtifactsChapter 18 Atrial fibrillationAtrial fibrillationAberrancyAshman's phenomenonVentricular ectopicsRule of bigeminyAtrioventricular dissociationConcealed conductionChapter 19 Junctional BradyarrhythmiasJunctional escape beatsJunctional escape-capture bigeminyJunctional escape rhythmRule of resetReciprocationJunctional dissociation (double junctional rhythms)Ventriculophasic junctional arrhythmiaChapter 20 Atrioventricular Block1st degree atrioventricular block (incomplete atrioventricular block with long P-Ri)2nd degree atrioventricular block (incomplete atrioventricular block)Type I 2nd degree atrioventricular blockLow gradeTypical Wenckebach periodicityAtypical Wenckebach periodicity2:1 WenckebachHigh gradeType II 2nd degree atrioventricular blockLow grade2:1 MobitzHigh gradeBlock/acceleration dissociationParoxysmal atrioventricular block3rd degree atrioventricular block (complete atrioventricular block)Junctional escapeVentricular escapeAtrioventricular dissociationVentriculoatrial blockExit blockChapter 21 Junctional ExtrasystolesJunctional premature complexesResettingResetting with a pauseInterpolationJunctional bigeminyJunctional trigeminyJunctional premature complexes with aberrancyNon-conducted junctional premature complexesConcealed conductionAtrial fusionReciprocationParasystoleChapter 22 Junctional TachycardiaAccelerated junctional rhythmIsorhythmic dissociationAccrochageSynchronyAutomatic junctional tachycardiaAtrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardiaOrthodromicAntidromicChapter 23 Ventricular BradyarrhythmiasVentricular escape beatsVentricular escape-capture bigeminyVentricular escape rhythmElectromechanical dissociationAsystoleChapter 24 Ventricular ExtrasystolesVentricular premature complexesRight ventricular premature complexesLeft ventricular premature complexesCompensatory pauseCompensatory-like pauseInterpolationPost-extrasystolic aberrancyVentricular bigeminyThe Rule of bigeminyVentricular trigeminyVentricular quadrigeminy and pentageminyConcealed conduction ("non-conducted ventricular premature complexes")Concealed ventricular bigeminyConcealed ventricular trigeminyVentricular fusionVentriculoatrial conduction and reciprocationAtrial fusionParasystoleChapter 25 Ventricular Tachycardia, Flutter and FibrillationAccelerated idioventricular rhythmAtrioventricular dissociationIsorhythmic dissociationAccrochageSynchronyVentriculoatrial association and accelerated ventricular rhythmPolymorphic and bidirectional accelerated idioventricular rhythmVentricular tachycardiaLeft ventricular tachycardiaFascicular ventricular tachycardiaBidirectional ventricular tachycardiaRight ventricular tachycardiaRight ventricular outflow tract tachycardiaBundle branch reentrant ventricular tachycardiaVentriculoatrial blockDouble tachycardiaPolymorphic ventricular tachycardiaTorsades de pointesVentricular flutterVentricular fibrillo-flutter/ventricular dissociationVentricular fibrillationChapter 26 Pacemakers: The BasicsIndicationsUnipolar vs. bipolarModesEndocardial/transvenous vs. epicardial leadsMEA of the paced QRSChapter 27 Pacemakers: Some AbnormalitiesConcealed conductionVA conductionPaced fusion complexesPaced pseudofusion complexesPaced reciprocal complexesChapter 28 Pacemakers: TroubleUndersensingOversensingFailure to captureBattery depletionPacemaker-mediated tachycardiaPacemaker syndrome

O autorze

The authorNick A. Schroeder, DVM, DACVIM (Cardiology), is a staff cardiologist at LeadER Animal Special Hospital in Cooper City, Florida, USA.