International Privileges and Immunities: A Case for a Universal Statute

ISBN-13: 9789401184939 / Angielski / Miękka / 1971 / 249 str.

David B. Michals

Opis

Since World War I scholars and practitioners alike have addressed themselves to defining and assessing the "new diplomacy," which the British diplomatist Harold Nicolson has branded the "American method." He distinguishes contemporary practice from earlier forms of diplomacy which, in The Evolution of Diplomatic Method (1954), on the basis of historical orientation, he designates the Greek, Roman, Italian, and French "systems" of diplo macy, in this order. Intensified multilaterial, as differentiated from bilateral, diplomacy - or what Lord Maurice Hankey treats as Diplomacy by Con ference (1946) - has become one of the principal qualities characterizing twentieth century diplomatic usage. "Conference diplomacy," in turn, consists of both ad hoc and regularized components. The latter, sometimes designated "parliamentary diplomacy," is essentially a form of institutionalized conferencing permeating the func tioning of permanent mechanisms called international organizations. Within them member states pursue national and collective interests and espouse national policies, confer and negotiate respecting mutual problems, engage in forensic and often public exposition, and reduce decision making, but usually only ostensibly, to a formalized voting process."

Spis treści

I Conceptual Framework.- I. Evolutionary Perspectives.- The Ancient Basis of Privileges and Immunities.- Emergence of the International Functionary.- The Position of the International Functionary.- International Privileges and Immunities.- The Utility of International Privileges and Immunities.- II. Theoretical Analysis of International Privileges and Immunities.- Legal Bases.- Nineteenth Century Precedents.- The Hague Tribunals.- The League of Nations.- International Privileges and Immunities Theory.- II. Organizational Practice—The United Nations System.- III. Composition and Development.- The Preparatory Commission of the United Nations.- The Legacy of the League.- Preparatory Commission’s Recommendations.- IV. Constitutional Bases.- The Charter of the United Nations.- The Specialized Agencies.- Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations.- Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies.- V. Host Nation Agreements.- Headquarters, Regional and Field Offices.- Seminars, Special Meeting and Conferences.- VI. Assistance and Relief Agreements.- Technical Assistance Agreements.- United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF).- Operational, Executive and Administrative Personnel Assistance (OPEX).- United Nations Development Program (and Special Fund).- III. Organizational Practice—Regional Organizations.- VII. European Organizations.- European River Commissions.- Organization for European Economic Cooperation.- The Council of Europe.- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance.- The European Free Trade Assiciation.- The European Community.- Host Nation Agreements.- VIII. Non-European Regional Organizations.- The Constitutive Acts.- The Separate Conventions.- Host Nation Agreements.- IV. Judicial, Financial and Security Institutions.- IX. International Courts of Justice.- Jidicial Privileges and Immunities.- X. International Financial Institutions.- Bankers’ Privileges and Immunities.- Global Institutions.- Regional Banks.- XI. Security and Peacekeeping Forces.- Alliance Organizations.- United Nations Forces.- United Nations Observers and Mediators.- V. Analysis and Conclusions.- XII. Composite Analysis of International Practice.- Prerogative Categories of International Personnel.- The Function of Privileges and Immunities.- XIII. International Privileges and Immunities of the Future.- XIV. Conclusions.- Appendix I Partial list of international organizations considered.- Appendix II Extracts from general conventions on privileges and immunities.- Appendix III Summary of practice in the United Nations system.- Appendix IV Extracts of documents pertaining to regional practice.- Selected Bibliography.