Internal Combustion Engines: Applied Thermosciences

ISBN-13: 9781119454502 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 656 str.

Allan T. Kirkpatrick

Spis treści

Preface xiAcknowledgements xiiiAbout the Companion Website xv1. Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Historical Background 41.3 Engine Cycles 61.4 Engine Performance Parameters 101.5 Engine Configurations 211.6 Examples of Internal Combustion Engines 251.7 Alternative Powertrain Technology 291.8 Further Reading 331.9 References 331.10 Homework 332. Ideal Gas Engine Cycles 352.1 Introduction 352.2 Gas Cycle Energy Addition 362.3 Constant Volume Energy Addition 372.4 Constant Pressure Energy Addition 412.5 Limited Pressure Cycle 442.6 Miller Cycle 452.7 Ideal Four-Stroke Process and Residual Fraction 492.8 Finite Energy Release 582.9 References 752.10 Homework 753. Thermodynamic Properties of Fuel-Air Mixtures 793.1 Introduction 793.2 Properties of Ideal Gas Mixtures 793.3 Liquid-Vapor-Gas Mixtures 863.4 Stoichiometry 903.5 Chemical Equilibrium 933.6 Low Temperature Combustion Modeling 963.7 Chemical Equilibrium Using Lagrange Multipliers 1013.8 Chemical Equilibrium Using Equilibrium Constants 1043.9 Isentropic Compression and Expansion 1113.10 Chemical Kinetics 1143.11 References 1203.12 Homework 1214. Thermodynamics of Combustion 1234.1 Introduction 1234.2 First-Law Analysis of Combustion 1234.3 Second-Law Analysis of Combustion 1294.4 Fuel-Air Otto Cycle 1334.5 Four-Stroke Fuel-Air Otto Cycle 1374.6 Limited-Pressure Fuel-Air Cycle 1414.7 Two-Zone Finite-Energy Release Model 1464.8 Compression Ignition Engine Fuel-Air Model 1534.9 Comparison of Fuel-Air Cycles with Actual Spark and Compression Ignition Cycles 1564.10 Further Reading 1604.11 Homework 1605. Intake and Exhaust Flow 1635.1 Introduction 1635.2 Flow Through Intake and Exhaust Valves 1635.3 Intake and Exhaust Manifold Flow 1855.4 Airflow in Two-Stroke Engines 1905.5 Superchargers and Turbochargers 1995.6 Further Reading 2195.7 References 2195.8 Homework 2216. Fuel and Air Flow in the Cylinder 2256.1 Introduction 2256.2 Fuel Injection - Spark Ignition 2256.3 Fuel Injection - Compression Ignition 2286.4 Fuel Sprays 2336.5 Gaseous Fuel Injection 2416.6 Prechambers 2466.7 Carburetion 2496.8 Large-Scale In-Cylinder Flow 2526.9 In-Cylinder Turbulence 2586.10 Further Reading 2686.11 References 2696.12 Homework 2707. Combustion Processes in Engines 2737.1 Introduction 2737.2 Combustion in Spark-Ignition Engines 2747.3 Abnormal Combustion (Knock) in Spark-Ignition Engines 2867.4 Combustion in Compression Ignition Engines 2907.5 Low Temperature Combustion 3027.6 Further Reading 3117.7 References 3117.8 Homework 3138. Emissions 3178.1 Introduction 3178.2 Nitrogen Oxides 3188.3 Carbon Monoxide 3298.4 Hydrocarbons 3328.5 Particulates 3358.6 Emissions Regulation and Control 3428.7 Further Reading 3508.8 References 3508.9 Homework 3519. Fuels 3559.1 Introduction 3559.2 Refining 3569.3 Hydrocarbon Chemistry 3579.4 Thermodynamic Properties of Fuel Mixtures 3609.5 Gasoline Fuels 3709.6 Alternative Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines 3739.7 Diesel Fuels 3839.8 Further Reading 3899.9 Homework 39110. Friction and Lubrication 39310.1 Introduction 39310.2 Friction Coefficient 39310.3 Engine Oils 39610.4 Friction Power and Mean Effective Pressure 39910.5 Friction Measurements 40010.6 Friction Scaling Parameters 40310.7 Piston and Ring Friction 40410.8 Journal Bearings 41810.9 Valve Train Friction 42310.10 Accessory Friction 42710.11 Pumping Mean Effective Pressure 42810.12 Overall Engine Friction Mean Effective Pressure 42910.13 Further Reading 43210.14 References 43210.15 Homework 43311. Heat and Mass Transfer 43511.1 Introduction 43511.2 Engine Cooling Systems 43611.3 Engine Energy Balance 43711.4 Heat Transfer Measurements 44111.5 Heat Transfer Modeling 44411.6 Heat Transfer Correlations 44911.7 Radiation Heat Transfer 45511.8 Heat Transfer in the Exhaust System 45911.9 Mass Loss or Blowby 46011.10 Further Reading 46311.11 References 46311.12 Homework 46412. Engine Instrumentation and Testing 46712.1 Introduction 46712.2 Instrumentation 46812.3 Combustion Analysis 47512.4 Exhaust Gas Analysis 48012.5 Control Systems in Engines 49112.6 Vehicle Emissions Testing 49312.7 Further Reading 49512.8 References 49512.9 Homework 49613. Overall Engine Performance 49913.1 Introduction 49913.2 Effect of Engine Size, Bore, and Stroke 49913.3 Effect of Engine Speed 50213.4 Effect of Air-Fuel Ratio and Load 50313.5 Engine Performance Maps 50613.6 Effect of Ignition and Injection Timing 51013.7 Effect of Compression Ratio 51213.8 Vehicle Performance Simulation 51313.9 Further Reading 51313.10 References 51313.11 Homework 514Appendices 517A Conversion Factors and Physical Constants 517B Physical Properties of Air 519C Thermodynamic Property Tables for Various Ideal Gases 521D Curve-Fit Coefficients for Thermodynamic Properties of Various Fuels and Ideal Gases 529E Detailed Thermodynamic and Fluid Flow Analyses 533E.1 Thermodynamic Derivatives 533E.2 Numerical Solution of Equilibrium Combustion Equations 535E.3 Isentropic Compression/Expansion with Known DeltaP 538E.4 Isentropic Compression/Expansion with Known Deltav 538E.5 Constant Volume Combustion 539E.6 Quality of Exhaust Products 540E.7 Finite Difference Form of the Reynolds Slider Equation 542E.8 Reference 542F Computer Programs 543F.1 Volume.m 544F.2 Velocity.m 544F.3 BurnFraction.m 545F.4 FiniteHeatRelease.m 545F.5 FiniteHeatMassLoss.m 547F.6 CIHeatRelease.m 550F.7 FourStrokeOtto.m 552F.8 RunFarg.m 553F.9 farg.m 554F.10 fuel.m 557F.11 RunEcp.m 559F.12 ecp.m 560F.13 AdiabaticFlameTemp.m 570F.14 OttoFuelAir.m 571F.15 FourStrokeFuelAir.m 573F.16 TwoZoneFuelAir.m 577F.17 Fuel_Injected.m 583F.18 LimitPressFuelAir.m 588F.19 ValveFlow.m 592F.20 Droplet.m 603F.21 Kinetic.m 610F.22 Soot.m 613F.23 TwoZoneNO.m 614F.24 RingPressure.m 621F.25 Friction.m 624F.26 HeatTransfer.m 625Index 631

O autorze

Dr. Kirkpatrick is a Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at Colorado State University. He has BS and PhD degrees in Mechanical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. As an internationally recognized authority in the applied thermal-fluid sciences, he has published four books and over 100 publications in the internal combustion engine, combustion instability, fluid jets, and engineering education areas. He is a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and is the recipient of numerous awards, including the Ben Sparks Medal by ASME.