Intellectual Property Law for Engineers, Scientists, and Entrepreneurs

ISBN-13: 9781119381976 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 976 str.

Howard B. Rockman

Spis treści

Foreword xxviiForeword to the First Edition xxixPreface xxxiAcknowledgments xxxvTop Ten List of Intellectual Property Protection xxxviiSection I The Intellectual Property Universe 1Eli Whitney -- The Cotton Gin 3Charles Babbage -- The Difference Engine 71 Overview of Intellectual Property Law 111.1 Defining "Intellectual Property" 111.2 Specific Intellectual Property Vehicles 121.2.1 Patents 121.2.2 Trademarks and Service Marks 131.2.3 Copyrights 141.2.4 Trade Secrets 151.2.5 Mask Works for Semiconductors 151.3 Which Form of Intellectual Property Protection to Use? 15Frank J. Sprague -- The Electric Streetcar 17Mary Anderson -- Windshield Wiper Blade 252 Brief Overview of the Law 292.1 Introduction 292.2 Development of the Law and Legal Principles 292.3 Divine Laws 302.4 The Four Types of Law 302.4.1 Constitutional Law 302.4.2 Statutory Law 312.4.3 Common Law 312.4.4 Business Custom 322.5 Civil Law Systems 322.6 Enforcement of Laws 332.7 Changes in the Law 332.8 Equity 332.9 U.S. Courts, State and Federal 352.10 The Federal Court System 362.10.1 The Supreme Court 362.10.2 Courts of Appeals 362.10.3 District Courts 372.11 State Courts 382.12 Jurisdiction 38Section II Patents 41Charles Goodyear -- Vulcanization of Rubber 43John Boyd Dunlop -- Pneumatic Vehicle Tires 473 Introduction to Patents 513.1 Brief History of Patent Protection 513.1.1 Early European Patent Custom 513.1.2 The British Patent System 543.1.3 The U.S. Constitution and the Development of the Present U.S. Patent Examination System 553.2 Types of Patent Coverage 593.2.1 What is a Patent? 593.2.2 Article or Apparatus Patents 603.2.3 Method or Process Patents 603.2.4 Design Patents 613.2.5 Plant Patents 613.2.6 New Technologies 623.3 How to Determine What to Patent and What Not to Patent 623.3.1 Broadly, What Can and Cannot Be Patented Under the Law 623.3.2 From a Business Standpoint, What Should Be Patented 633.4 Broadly, What Data Goes into a Patent 643.4.1 Describing the Background and Essential Elements of the Invention 643.4.2 Claiming the Invention 653.5 What a Patent is Not 663.6 Inventions Relating to Atomic Weapons 673.7 The U.S. Government's Right to Practice Your Patented Invention 68George Westinghouse -- Steam-Power Brake Devices and Alternating Current 69Gideon Sundback -- Zipper 734 Introductory Comments on Patentable Subject Matter and Utility 774.1 What Constitutes Patentable Subject Matter? 774.2 Utility -- The Invention Must Be Useful 80John Deere -- Horse-Drawn Plow 83Erastus Brigham Bigelow -- Powered Carpet-Making Looms 875 Novelty--The Invention Must Be New 915.1 Statutory Requirements 915.2 Preliminary Comments on Protecting Foreign Patent Rights 955.3 Additional Comments on Experimental Use Versus Actual Use of the Invention 96Alfred Nobel -- Dynamite 996 Requirement of Non-Obviousness for Patentability 1076.1 Development of the Standard of Non-Obviousness 1076.2 Historical Background 1076.3 Supreme Court Cases Predating the 1952 Patent Law Section 103 Non-Obviousness Test 1096.4 The 1952 Patent Statute and the Case of Graham V. John Deere Company (1966) 1136.5 The 2007 U.S. Supreme Court Case of KSR V. Teleflex 1166.6 Illustrative Non-Obviousness Analysis 117Louis Pasteur -- Pasteurization Process 119Elisha Otis -- Safety Elevator 1257 The Patenting Process 1297.1 Who May Obtain a Patent: Inventorship and Ownership of Patent Rights 1297.2 Proper Documentation of the Invention 1307.3 The Invention Disclosure, and the Invention Disclosure Meeting 1327.4 Additional Matters Discussed During the Invention Disclosure Meeting Between the Inventor and the Patent Professional 1377.5 Invention Disclosure Form 140Alexander Graham Bell -- Telephone 1458 The Patentability Search, Freedom-To-Use Search, and Other Searches 1558.1 Searching the Content of the Prior Art to Determine Patentability of the Invention 1558.2 Patentabilty Search Parameters 1568.3 Additional Types of Searches 1578.4 Database Searches 1598.5 U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Patent Classification System 159Thomas Alva Edison -- The Light Bulb 1619 The Patent Application 1699.1 Introduction 1699.2 Registration System Evolving into an Examination System 1699.3 Goal of a Properly Prepared Patent Application 1709.4 Provisional Patent Applications 1719.5 Regular, Non-Provisional Patent Application; No New Matter 1729.6 Content of a Regular Non-Provisional Patent Application 1729.7 Your Review of the Patent Application 1779.8 Execution of the Declaration, Power of Attorney, and Assignment Upon Completion of the Patent Application 178George Eastman -- Practical Photography 181Emile Berliner -- Disc Sound Recording 18510 Claims of a Patent Application 19310.1 Introduction to Patent Claims 19310.2 Historical Development of Patent Claims 19310.3 What Claims Are 19510.4 Your Review of the Claims of Your Patent Application 19710.5 Distinguishing Different Types of Claims 19810.6 More on Method or Process Claims 20010.7 Composition of Matter Claims 20110.8 Design Patent Claim 20110.9 Dependent Claims 20110.10 How to Read and Understand Patent Claims Drafted by Your patent attorney 202Ottmar Mergenthaler -- The Linotype® Hot-Type Composing Machine 205Theodore Maiman and Gordon Gould -- Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (Laser) 20911 Examination and Prosecution of a Patent Application 22111.1 U.S. Patent Examination Process 22111.2 The Patent Examination System-A Little More History 22111.3 Filing the Patent Application With the USPTO 22211.4 Examination of the Patent Application 22311.5 Results of the Examination-The "Office Action" 22411.6 You and Your Attorney's Response to the office Action 22511.7 Further Patent Prosecution 22811.8 Granting the Patent 22811.9 Infringement During Examination of the Patent Application 22911.10 Additional Probable Patent Prosecution Events 23011.11 Re-Examination of an Issued Patent by the Applicant, the Infringer, or the Commissioner of Patents 23311.12 Re-Issue Patents 233Nicolaus Otto -- The Internal Combustion Engine 235Rudolf Diesel -- The Internal Combustion Engine 23912 Design Patents 24512.1 Coverage of Design Patents 24512.2 The Design Patent Application 24612.3 Infringement of a Design Patent 24712.4 Importance of Design Patents 25012.5 Examples of Design Patents 25112.6 Design Patents on Computer Screen Icons 25112.7 Design Patents Contrasted with Copyrights 25212.8 Damages For Design Patent Infringement 25312.9 The Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs (The Hague System) 254Nikola Tesla -- AC Induction Motor and Radio 259Clarence Birdseye -- Frozen Food 27113 Protection of Computer-Related Inventions 27513.1 Introduction 27513.2 The Torturous Path Through the Courts 27613.3 Recent Court Decisions and USPTO Guidelines Attempting to Define Patent-Eligible Subject Matter Regarding Computer-Related Inventions 28213.4 The USPTO Examination Process to Determine Subject Matter Eligibility of a Computer-Related Invention 29213.5 Recommended Steps to Obtain Proper Protection of Computer-Related Inventions 294Covering a Computer-Related Invention 29413.6. Statutory Subject Matter 30313.7 The Computer-Related Invention Must Still Be Novel and Non-Obvious 30713.8 Computer Programming and a Sufficient Disclosure 30813.9 The Protection of Software Through Contracts 31213.10 Patent Eligibility of Software and Computer-Related Inventions in Europe 312Hedy Lamarr -- Spread Spectrum Technology 325Herman Hollerith -- Tabulating Machine 32914 Biotechnology Inventions 33314.1 Introduction to Biotechnology 33314.2 History of Biotechnology Patent Protection 33414.3 Patent-Eligible Subject Matter and Biotechnology 33614.4 Biotechnology and the Written Description Requirement 33814.5 Biotechnology and Patent Exhaustion 34014.6 Biotechnology and Government Regulation 34114.7 Pharmaceutical Patent Strategies 34314.8 Medical Procedures 344Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins -- Discovery of the Molecular Structure of DNa 347Stanley N. Cohen and Herbert W. Boyer -- Recombinant-Dna (rDNA)* 35315 The Patenting of Business Methods 35715.1 The Evolution of Patents For Methods of Doing Business 35715.2 The State Street Case 35915.3 The Bilski Case 36015.4 What is a Business Method Invention? 36115.5 The USPTO Guidelines 36215.6 Recommendations 36415.7 Understanding a Sample Business Method Patent Claim 36515.8 The Covered Business Method Review 366Yvonne Brill -- Satellite Propulsion System 371Luther Burbank -- Plant Breeding 37516 Foreign Patent Protection 37916.1 Introduction 37916.2 The Traditional System of Obtaining Foreign Patents 38016.3 The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) 38116.4 N ational Patent Laws and the PCT: Differences and Alterations 38616.5 The EPC 38716.6 The European Unitary Patent and Unified Patent Court 38816.7 Privileged Communications Between a U.S. patentattorney and a Foreign Non-Attorney Patent Agent 389Wilbur and Orville Wright -- Controlled Powered Flight 39117 Enforcement of the Patent Right 39917.1 The Patent Clearance Process 39917.2 The Attempt to Design Around the Claims of a Patent: Most Infringers Do Not Slavishly Copy the Patented Invention 40217.3 Literal Infringement of a Patent Claim 40317.4 The "Doctrine of Equivalents" Where the Claim is Not Literally Infringed 40517.5 Defenses to a Charge of Infringement 40617.6 Penalties and Damages For Patent Infringement 40817.7 Marking the Patented Product With the Patent Number 409Robert Goddard -- Rocket Propulsion and Control 411C. Donald Bateman -- Ground Proximity Warning System 41718 The America Invents Act of 2011 42118.1 First to File and the Definition of "Prior Art" 42118.2 The Narrowed Grace Period 42218.3 Disclosing the Best Mode of the Invention 42218.4 Prior User Defense in Enforcement Proceedings 42318.5 Patent Marking 42318.6 Filing a Patent Application in the Name of the Assignee 42418.7 Priority Examination For Important Technologies 42418.8 Third-Party Challenges to Patent Rights 42418.9 Inter-Partes Review of an Issued Patent 42618.10 Supplemental Examination 427Charles Kettering -- Automotive Self-Starter 429Calvin Souther Fuller, Gerald Pearson and Daryl Chapin -- Efficient Solar Cells 43519 Ownership and Transfer of Patent Rights 43919.1 Inventorship, Ownership, and Assignment of Patent Rights 43919.2 Patent Licensing 44119.3 Conclusions 453Philo Farnsworth -- The Invention of Television 455Robert Adler -- Ultrasound Television Remote Control 46920 How to Read and Obtain Information from a Modern U.S. Patent 47320.1 The Information Page 47320.2 The Drawings 49120.3 The Specification 49120.4 Claims 49220.5 Caveat 492Section III Employment Contracts, Ethics and the Engineer or Scientist as an Expert Witness 495Willis Haviland Carrier -- Air-Conditioning 497Ivan A. Getting, Roger L. Easton, Sr. and Bradford Parkinson -- Global Positioning System (GPS) 50321 Employment Contracts and Non-Compete Restrictions 50921.1 Employment Contract Provisions Relating to Intellectual Property 50921.2 Ownership of Intellectual Property 51021.3 Confidentiality Agreements or Nondisclosure Agreements 51221.4 Outside Information Received by the Employee or Employer 51421.5 Non-Compete Provisions 51521.6 Enforceability of a Non-Compete Agreement 51621.7 Inevitable Disclosure 51921.8 Form Agreements 51921.9 Consultants 519Grace Hopper -- Cobol Computer Language 527The Hubble Space Telescope 52922 The Engineer and Scientist as Expert Witness 53322.1 The Role of an Expert Witness 533John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley -- The Transistor 54123 Ethics 54923.1 The Professions 54923.2 Professional Societies 55023.3 Codes of Ethics 55023.4 Brief Comments Regarding the Nspe Code of Ethics for Engineers 55123.5 Comparing the Law and Ethics 55223.6 Ethical Dilemmas 553Section IV Copyrights 555Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce -- Miniaturized Integrated Circuits 55724 Copyrights as a Vehicle for Technology Protection 56324.1 A Brief History of Copyright Law 56324.2 The Nature of Copyrights 56624.3 Exclusive Rights of Copyright 56924.4 Fair Use 57024.5 Infringement of a Copyright 57124.6 Notice 57224.7 Copyright Registration and its Importance 57224.8 The Duration of Intangible Rights of Copyright 57324.9 Works Made For Hire 57424.10 Copyright Registration For Computer Programs 57524.11 Copyright Registration For Automated Databases 57924.12 Copyright Registration For Online Works 58024.13 Architectural Works 581Federico Faggin, Marcian Hoff, and Stanley Mazor -- Single-Chip CPU 585Josephine Cochrane -- Automatic Dishwasher 58925 The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (DMCA)--An Overview 59325.1 Purpose of the DMCA 59325.2 The General Provisions of the DMCA 59425.3 Circumvention of Technological Protection Measures 59525.4 Limitations on Copyright Infringement Liability for Online Service Providers 59925.5 Copyright Management Information 60125.6 Remedies for DMCA Violations 60125.7 Example of Potential Conflict 601Stephen Wozniak -- Personal Computers 603Jaap Haartsen and Sven Mattisson -- Bluetooth®-Short Distance Wireless Communication Systems 60726 Mask Work Protection 61126.1 Introduction 61126.2 The Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984 61126.3 Mask Works Generally 61226.4 Subject Matter of Mask Work Protection 61326.5 Ownership, Transfer, and Licensing of the Mask Work 61326.6 Duration of Protection 61326.7 Rights of Ownership in a Mask Work 61326.8 Limitations on Exclusive Rights, Reverse Engineering, and First Sale 61426.9 Mask Work Notice 61426.10 Infringement of Mask Work Protection Rights 61426.11 General Comments About Mask Work Protection 614Section V Trade Secrets 617Stephanie Kwolek -- Kevlar® 619Percy Julian -- The Synthesis of Cortisone 62327 Trade Secrets Protection 62727.1 The Development of Trade Secret Law 62727.2 The Nature of a Trade Secret 62827.3 The Definition of a "Trade Secret" 62927.4 The Creation of an Enforceable Trade Secret Right 63027.5 Even Threatened Trade Secret Theft Can Be Stopped 63227.6 Creating a Viable Trade Secret Protection Program 63327.7 Damages and Injunctions 63627.8 Confidence 63627.9 Can Trade Secrets, After Use, Be Patented? 637Chester F. Carlson -- Electrophotography 63928 The Federal Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016 64728.1 Introduction 64728.2 Civil Seizure 64728.3 Remedies 65028.4 Rights of Trade Secret Owners 65128.5 Whistle-Blower Provisions 652Section VI Trademarks, Service Marks and Cybersquatting 653Samuel E. Blum, Rangaswamy Srinivasan, and James Wynne -- Excimer Laser Surgery (Lasik) 65529 Trademarks and Service Marks 65929.1 Origins of the Protection of Trademarks and Service Marks 65929.2 Trademark Selection and Adoption Process 66129.3 Filing For Registration of Your Trademark 66529.4 Protecting and Maintaining Your Trademark Registration 66629.5 Trademark Protection Outside the United States 66629.6 The Madrid Protocol--The "International" Trademark--An Overview 668John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert -- The Eniac Computer 66930 Cybersquatting 68130.1 What is Cybersquatting? 68130.2 The UDRP 68230.3 The Anticybersquatting Consumer Protect Act (ACPA) 687Section VII The Commercialization and Management of Intellectual Property 691George de Mestral -- Hook-And-Loop Fastener (Velcro®) 693John A. Roebling -- Suspension Bridges 69731 Engineering Management and Commercialization of Intellectual Property 70131.1 Introduction 70131.2 Introduction to Intellectual Property Business Strategies 70731.3 Objectives of Intellectual Property Management 70831.4 The Sole Inventor in an Alien Field 70931.5 Strategic Development of Intellectual Property 71131.6 Disgorging Patentable Inventions 71231.7 Determining What and What Not to Patent 71331.8 Determining Who Would Be an Appropriate Licensee for Your Invention 72031.9 Drafting Strategic Patent Claims 72131.10 Determining Where to Obtain Patents 72131.11 Determining Other Industries That May Benefit From a License 72231.12 Ensuring Your Product or Process Does Not Violate the Patent Rights of Others 72231.13 Policing the Market For Potential Infringements of Your Patents 72331.14 The Enforcement of Process Patent Claims Against an Importer of a Foreign-Made Product 72331.15 Trimming the Intellectual Property Tree 72431.16 Essay on Innovation Management 724Les Paul -- Solid Body Electric Guitar 72732 "Sue the Bastards"--Business Factors Controlling Intellectual Property Litigation Strategies 73132.1 Introduction to Intellectual Property Litigation Strategies and Tactics 73132.2 The Dawn of an IP Rights Infringement Lawsuit 73132.3 Litigation Considerations in IP Rights Enforcement 73432.4 Conclusion 761Igor Sikorsky -- Helicopter 763Frank Zamboni -- Ice Resurfacer 76933 Technology Transfer--Universities, Hospitals, and Research Centers 77333.1 Introduction 77333.2 Ownership of Institution-Developed Innovations 77433.3 A Typical University Technology Transfer Program 777Ferdinand von Zeppelin -- Rigid Airships 785Bernard Silver and Norman Joseph Woodland -- Optically Scanned Bar Code 78934 International Intellectual Property Creation, Protection, and Enforcement Strategies 79334.1 Introduction 79334.2 IP Creation Strategies to Maximize Global IP Protection 79434.3 Legal Considerations Regarding Where to Obtain IP Protection 79734.4 Marketing and Business Concerns 79934.5 N on-Paris Convention and Non-PCT Country Patent Protection 80034.6 Filing a PCT Patent Application First 80134.7 Joint Venture Relationships 80134.8 Forming a Joint Venture Based on IP 804Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack -- CAT Scanner 807Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield -- Magnetic Resonance Imaging 81135 The Future 81535.1 Rational Thought Applied to Problem Solving 81535.2 What Investors Will Look For in the Future Relative to Intellectual Property 81635.3 Developing Countries 82235.4 University Technology Transfer 82435.5 Master of Engineering Management Degrees At U.S. Universities 82535.6 Conclusion 826Harry Coover -- Super Glue® 829Spencer Silver -- Post-IT® Notes 83336 Entrepreneurship Law 83936.1 Introduction 83936.2 Transition from Employee to Employer 84036.3 O rganizing the New Business 84336.4 Intellectual Property Assets 84636.5 Financing 84636.6 E mployment Law 84936.7 Financial Statements 85236.8 Recommendation and Acknowledgment 85437 Current Events 85737.1 AC Versus DC 857Bibliography 865Index 897

O autorze

HOWARD B. ROCKMAN is a registered U.S. patent attorney, intellectual property management consultant, author and lecturer. In addition to his intellectual property law practice, he is an adjunct professor at The John Marshall Law School in Chicago, IL, and at the Engineering Colleges of Northwestern University and the University of Illinois at Chicago. He counsels companies and individual innovators and creators on a variety of intellectual property matters. He has served as a patent examiner at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, as well as Assistant Attorney General at the U.S. Department of Justice. He has represented worldwide clients in litigation of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret cases in federal and state courts. He is a member of the American Bar Association and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE).