1 Minimally Invasive Spinal Instrumentation: Past, Present, and Future Part I Posterior Approach 2 Introduction to MIS Posterior Approach 3 Posterior Retractor Systems 4 Posterior Interbody Cages 5 Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Systems 6 Cortical Screw Systems 7 Facet Screw Systems 8 Spinous Process Fixation Systems Part II Lateral Approach 9 Introduction to MIS Lateral Approach 10 Lateral Retractor Systems 11 Lateral Interbody Cages 12 Lateral Fixation Systems 13 Vertebral Body Replacement Devices Part III Other 14 Percutaneous Cement Augmentation Systems 15 Biologics 16 Surgical Navigation Systems