Inferring from Language

ISBN-13: 9783642673092 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 172 str.

L. G. M. Noordman; H. H. Clark

Opis

In the study of human thought there could hardly be a more fundamental con cern than language and reasoning. In the tradition of Western philosophy, humans are distinguished by their ability to speak and to think rationally. And language is often considered a prerequisite for rational thought. If psycholoQists, then, are ever to discover what is truly human about their species, they will have to discover how language is produced and understood, and how it plays a role in reasoning and other forms of rational thought. Within psychology there has been an imperative to study language and rea soning together. Since Wundt, psychologists have succeeded in building a the oretical foundation for both language and reasoning. What has become clear from these beginnings is that the two are inextricably bound to each other. Like the two players ina chess game, take away one of them and the game no longer exists. On the one hand, producing and understanding speech re quires an intricate process of reasoning. Speakers must rationally choose sentences that will affect their listeners in ways they intend, and listen ers must infer what speakers could conceivably have meant in selecting the sentences they did. Reasoning, inference, and rational thought lie at the very center of speaking and listening. On the other hand, logical reasoning begins with, and is influenced by, the language in which a problem is stated."

Spis treści

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Cognition and Language Behavior.- 1.2 Comprehension and Inferences.- 1.3 Types of Comprehension Research.- 1.4 Methodology of the Present Research.- 1.5 Overview of the Present Study.- I Processing Comparative Relations.- 2 Empirical Questions.- 2.1 Theories About Three-Term Series Problems.- 2.2 Some Empirical Evidence.- 2.3 Concluding Remarks.- 3 A Model for Solving Verbal Problems.- 3.1 Experiment I.- 3.1.1 Method.- 3.1.2 Results.- 3.1.3 Discussion.- 4 Storing the Information During a Time Interval.- 4.1 Experiment II.- 4.1.1 Method.- 4.1.2 Results and Discussion.- 4.2 Experiment III.- 4.2.1 Method.- 4.2.2 Results and Discussion.- 4.3 Experiment IV.- 4.3.1 Method.- 4.3.2 Results and Discussion.- 5 Solving Pictorial Problems.- 5.1 Experiment V.- 5.1.1 Method.- 5.1.2 Results.- 5.1.3 Discussion.- 5.2 Experiment VI.- 5.2.1 Method.- 5.2.2 Results.- 5.2.3 Discussion.- Conclusion.- II Processing Conditional Relations.- 6 On the Interpretation of Conditional Conjunctions.- 6.1 Experiment I.- 6.1.1 Method.- 6.1.2 Results.- 6.1.3 Discussion.- 6.2 Experiment II.- 6.2.1 Method.- 6.2.2 Results and Discussion.- 7 Storing Conditional Relations.- 7.1 Experiment III.- 7.1.1 Method.- 7.1.2 Results.- 7.1.3 Discussion.- 8 The Processing of Conditional Sentences.- 8.1 Experiment IV.- 8.1.1 Method.- 8.1.2 Results.- 8.1.3 Discussion.- 8.1.4 Conclusion.- III Foreground and Background Information in Inferential Processes.- 9 Presupposed or Background Information.- 9.1 Experiment I.- 9.1.1 Method.- 9.1.2 Results.- 9.2 Experiment II.- 9.2.1 Method.- 9.2.2 Results.- 10 Differences in Background Information.- 10.1 Experiment III.- 10.1.1 Method.- 10.1.2 Results.- 11 Dependency of Background Information on Context.- 11.1 Experiment IV.- 11.1.1 Method.- 11.1.2 Results.- 11.1.3 Discussion.- 11.2 Experiment V.- 11.2.1 Method.- 11.2.2 Results.- 11.2.3 Discussion.- 12 Variability of Foreground and Background Information.- 12.1 Experiment VI.- 12.1.1 Method.- 12.1.2 Results.- 12.1.3 Discussion.- Conclusion.- 13 Summary and Conclusions.- 13.1 Summary.- 13.1.1 Part I: Comparative Relations.- 13.1.2 Part II: Conditional Relations.- 13.1.3 Part III: Foreground and Background Information.- 13.2 Conclusions.- References.- Author Index.