Inference, Method and Decision: Towards a Bayesian Philosophy of Science

ISBN-13: 9789027708182 / Angielski / Miękka / 1977 / 270 str.

Roger D. Rosenkrantz; R. D. Rosenkrantz

Opis

This book grew out of previously published papers of mine composed over a period of years; they have been reworked (sometimes beyond recognition) so as to form a reasonably coherent whole. Part One treats of informative inference. I argue (Chapter 2) that the traditional principle of induction in its clearest formulation (that laws are confirmed by their positive cases) is clearly false. Other formulations in terms of the 'uniformity of nature' or the 'resemblance of the future to the past' seem to me hopelessly unclear. From a Bayesian point of view, 'learning from experience' goes by conditionalization (Bayes' rule). The traditional stum bling block for Bayesians has been to fmd objective probability inputs to conditionalize upon. Subjective Bayesians allow any probability inputs that do not violate the usual axioms of probability. Many subjectivists grant that this liberality seems prodigal but own themselves unable to think of additional constraints that might plausibly be imposed. To be sure, if we could agree on the correct probabilistic representation of 'ignorance' (or absence of pertinent data), then all probabilities obtained by applying Bayes' rule to an 'informationless' prior would be objective. But familiar contra dictions, like the Bertrand paradox, are thought to vitiate all attempts to objectify 'ignorance'. BuUding on the earlier work of Sir Harold Jeffreys, E. T. Jaynes, and the more recent work ofG. E. P. Box and G. E. Tiao, I have elected to bite this bullet. In Chapter 3, I develop and defend an objectivist Bayesian approach."

Spis treści

One: Informative Inference.- 1 / Information.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Utility of Information.- 3. Disinterested Information.- 4. Noiseless Information.- 5. Fisher’s Information.- 6. Conclusion.- 2 / The Paradoxes of Confirmation.- 1. General Laws.- 2. Resolution of the Paradoxes.- 3. Lawlikeness.- 4. Conclusion.- 3 / Inductivism and Probabilism.- 1. The Induction Rule.- 2. The Import of Data.- 3. Uniformity and Discovery.- 4. Conditionalization.- 5. The Maximum Entropy Rule.- 6. Invariance.- 7. Conclusion.- 4 / Inductive Generalization.- Two: Scientific Method.- 5 / Simplicity.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Measuring Simplicity.- 3. Measuring Support.- 4. Examples: Multinomial Models.- 5. Multinomial Models Without Free Parameters.- 6. Interval Hypotheses.- 7. Other Approaches.- 6 / Bayes and Popper.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Confirmation vs Corroboration.- 3. Demarcation.- 4. Simplicity.- 5. Conventionalist Stratagems.- 6. The Probability-Improbability Conundrum.- 7 / The Copernican Revelation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Copernicus’s Argument.- 3. Many Effects; One Cause.- 4. The Physical Arguments.- Appendix: The Complexities of Copernicus’s Theory.- 8 / Explanation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Covering Law Model.- 3. The Contextuality of Explanation.- 4. Explanation and Confirmation as Inverse Relations.- 5. Explanatory Power and Efficient Coding.- Three: Statistical Decision.- 9 / Support.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fisher’s Negative Way.- 3. Fisher’s Practice.- 4. The Positive Way.- 5. Illustrations.- 6. Interpretation.- 7. Conclusion.- 10 / Testing.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Inductive Behavior.- 3. Methodological Difficulties.- A. Optional Stopping.- B. Randomization as a Basis for Inference.- C. One-Tailed vs Two-Tailed Tests.- D. Violation of Assumptions.- 4. Significance Level and Power.- 5. The Reference Class.- 6. Conclusion.- 11 / Bayes/Orthodox Comparisons.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Normal Linear Model.- 3. Orthodox Regression Analysis.- 4. The Results.- 5. Higher Order Markov Chains.- 6. The Results.- 12 / Cognitive Decisions.- 1. Epiphenomenal Acceptance.- 2. Acceptance According to Levi.- 3. Kuhn and the Sociology of Science.- 4. Conclusion.- Author Index.