Industrial Radiology: Theory and Practice

ISBN-13: 9789400973428 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 330 str.

R. Halmshaw

Opis

proof tests can be done on a pressure vessel, or vibration testing can be carried out to simulate service conditions, but on many large structures such sampling or proof testing is virtually impossible.

Spis treści

1. Principles of Radiology.- 2. Basic Properties of Ionising Radiations.- 2.1. Nature of X-Rays and Gamma-Rays.- 2.2. Units.- 2.3. Atomic Structure.- 2.4. Generation of X-Rays.- 2.5. Gamma-Rays.- 2.6. Absorption.- 2.7. Absorption Coefficient.- 2.8. Absorption Curves.- 2.9. Scattered Radiation and Radiographic Sensitivity.- 3. X-Ray Sources.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. The X-Ray Spectrum.- 3.3. X-Ray Tubes and Generators.- 3.4. X-Ray Generator Circuits.- 3.5. High Energy X-Ray Equipment.- 3.6. X-Ray Tube Mountings.- 3.7. Portable Tank-Type X-Ray Sets.- 3.8. Controls for X-Ray Equipment.- 3.9. Comparison of X-Ray Generators.- 4. Gamma-Ray Sources And Equipment.- 4.1. Radioactivity.- 4.2. Definitions.- 4.4. Specific Isotopes for Radiography.- 4.5. Radioactive Source-Handling Equipment.- 4.6. The Use of Gamma-Ray Sources.- 5. The Recording of Radiation.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. The Photographic Effect.- 5.3. Ionisation.- 5.4. Scintillation Counters.- 5.5. Semiconductor Devices.- 5.6. Fluorescence.- 6. Radiographic Techniques—Principles.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Equipment Data.- 6.3. Image Parameters.- 6.4. Choice of Radiation Energy.- 6.5. Films and Intensifying Screens.- 6.6. Filtration.- 6.7. Masking.- 6.8. Scattered Radiation.- 6.9. Techniques to Cover a Range of Specimen Thickness (Thickness Latitude).- 6.10. Specimen Positioning.- 6.11. Marking: Identification.- 6.12. Other Practical Considerations.- 6.13. Special Techniques.- 7. Radiographic Techniques—Sensitivity.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Definition of Terms.- 7.3. Image Quality Indicators (IQI).- 7.4. Viewing Conditions.- 7.5. Codes of Recommended Good Practice.- 7.6. Special Techniques.- 8. Sensitivity Performance.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Attainable IQI Values.- 8.3. The Calculation of Detail Sensitivity.- 8.4. Flaw Sensitivity.- 8.5. Defect Depth Determination.- 8.6. Radiographic Imaging Considered in Terms of Spatial Frequencies.- 8.7. Noise Limitations.- 8.8. Information Theory.- 8.9. Densitometrie Analysis.- 8.10. Reliability of Performance.- 9. Interpretation of Radiographs.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. General Aspects.- 9.3. Weld Radiographs.- 9.4. Radiographs of Castings.- 9.5. Non-Metallic Materials.- 9.6. Reference Radiographs.- 9.7. Acceptance Standards for Defects.- 9.8. Assemblies.- 9.9. Reporting Results.- 9.10. Copying Radiographs.- 10. Safety Problems in Radiology.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2. Radiation Sources.- 10.3. Radiation Units.- 10.4. Permissible Dose Limits.- 10.5. Radiation Monitoring Equipment.- 10.6. Protection Data.- 10.7. Calculation of Protective Barrier Thicknesses.- 10.8. Gamma-Ray Source Containers.- 10.9. General Safety Requirements for Radiographic Laboratories.- 11. Fluoroscopy, Image Intensifiers and Television Systems.- 11.1. Introduction.- 11.2. Image Intensifier Tubes.- 11.3. Television—Fluoroscopic Systems Performance.- 11.4. Applications.- 11.5. Future Developments.- 12. Special Methods.- 12.1. Introduction.- 12.2. Neutron Radiography.- 12.3. Proton Radiography.- 12.4. Electron Radiography.- 12.5. Microradiography.- 12.6. Autoradiography.- 12.7. Flash Radiography.- 12.8. Radiometric Methods.- 12.9. Digitised Images: Image Processing.