Impacts of Point Polluters on Terrestrial Biota: Comparative Analysis of 18 Contaminated Areas

ISBN-13: 9789048124664 / Angielski / Twarda / 2009 / 486 str.

Mikhail Kozlov; Elena Zvereva; Vitali Zverev

Opis

The adverse consequences of pollution impact on terrestrial ecosystems have been under careful investigation since the beginning of the twentieth century. Several thousand case studies have documented the biotic effects occurring in contaminated areas. However, after more than a century of research, ecologists are still far from understanding the effects of pollution on biota. Only a few generalisations have been made on the basis of extensive monitoring programs and numerous expe- ments with industrial contaminants. The need to reveal general patterns in the responses of terrestrial biota to ind- trial pollution and to identify the sources of variation in these responses became obvious more than a decade ago. At about that time, our team initiated a quanti- tive research synthesis of the biotic effects caused by industrial pollution, based on 1 a meta-analysis of published data. All meta-analyses conducted so far (covering diversity and abundance of soil microfungi, diversity of vascular plants, diversity and abundance of terrestrial arthropods, and plant growth and reproduction) c- sistently showed high heterogeneity in the responses of terrestrial biota to industrial pollution. At the same time, they demonstrated an unexpected shortage of infor- tion suitable for meta-analyses, as well as a considerable influence of methodology of primary studies on the outcome of the research syntheses. To overcome the identified problems, we designed a comparative study, the results of which are reported in this book.

Spis treści

1 Introduction 1.1 'Pollution science' – applied or basic ecology? 1.2 Pollution, polluters and pollutants 1.3 Extent and severity of impacts 1.4 The state of pollution-oriented studies and the need for generalization 1.5 Impact zones of point polluters as models for ecological and environmental research 1.6 Summary 2 Methodology of the research and description of polluters 2.1 Selection of polluters 2.2 History of the selected polluters and their environmental impact 2.3 Study sites and general sampling design 2.4 Environmental contamination at study sites 2.5 Statistical approaches 2.6 Summary 3 Soil quality 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Materials and methods 3.3 Results 3.4 Discussion 3.5 Summary 4 Plant growth and vitality 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Materials and methods 4.3 Results 4.4 Discussion 4.5 Summary 5 Fluctuating asymmetry of woody plants 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Materials and methods 5.3 Results 5.4 Discussion 5.5 Summary 6 Structure of plant communities 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Materials and methods 6.3 Results 6.4 Discussion 6.5 Summary 7 Insect herbivory 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Materials and methods 7.3 Results 7.4 Discussion 7.5 Summary 8 Methodology of pollution ecology: problems and perspectives 8.1 Importance of observational studies 8.2 Interpretation of experimental results 8.3 The amount of reliable information 8.4 Quality of information 8.5 Research and publication biases 8.6 Summary 9 Effects of industrial polluters: general patterns and sources of variation 9.1 The state ofknowledge 9.2 Myths of pollution ecology 9.3 Changes of ecosystem components along pollution gradients: structure of phenomenological model 9.4 Sources of variation in biotic responses to pollution 9.5 Exploring effects of industrial pollution: prospects and limitations 9.6 Summary Correspondence between vernacular and Latin names of plant species Appendix I: List of abbreviations and Appendix II: Color plates

O autorze

Mikhail Kozlov got his Ph.D. in entomology in 1986 at the Institute of Biology in Novosibirsk, Russia. Since 1991 he works in the Section of Ecology of the University of Turku, Finland. Mikhail has been working on the impact of aerial pollution on terrestrial ecosystems over the past 25 years. He has been doing fieldwork in several polluted regions of Eurasia, but his principal study area is the Kola Peninsula in Russia. Other research interests include: global change impact on terrestrial ecosystems; evolutionary ecology, mostly in relation to plant adaptations to polluted environments; herbivore population dynamics; biogeography, with particular interest to urban biota and landscape fragmentation; taxonomy, morphology, and phylogeny of moths and butterflies. Mikhail has published two books, 168 articles in journals and 59 book chapters.

Elena Zvereva got her Ph.D in Entomology in 1985 at the Zoological Institute in Leningrad, Russia. Since 1994 she is working in the Section of Ecology of the University of Turku, Finland. Elena has been working on different ecological problems, with an emphasis on three-trophic-level interactions in herbivorous insects, in particular in polluted environments. At present Elena is leading a research project exploring pollution impact on the relationships between basic structural and functional properties of terrestrial ecosystems, and is also involved in the project exploring effects of endemic herbivory on growth of forest trees in relation to climate. Other research interests include: ecological and evolutionary consequences of global change impact on insect-plant relationships, factors regulating herbivore population dynamics, and positive plant-plant interactions in stressful environment. Elena has published 59 articles in journals and 27 book chapters.

Vitali Zverev is now working on his Ph.D. thesis in the Section of Ecology of the University of Turku, Finland. He started working as a field ecologist in 1991, and has since then participated in many research projects that have addressed effects of pollution and global change on terrestrial biota. He is an excellent photographer. Vitali has published 5 research papers and 3 reports in conference proceedings.

Blurb

This book is unique in identifying general patterns in responses of terrestrial biota to industrial pollution and the sources of variation in these responses. The meta-analysis is based on extensive original data on soils, plants and animals collected around 18 industrial polluters in six countries. The colour section is self-explanatory and informative, showing examples of severely polluted landscapes compared to pristine environment. This book will be a valuable source of information for ecologists, ecotoxicologists, and anyone interested to learn on how pollution affects wildlife on our planet.