Immune Complexes and Human Cancer

ISBN-13: 9781468449334 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 280 str.

Fernando Salinas

Opis

Immune Complexes and Human Cancer, the fifteenth volume of Contem- porary Topics in Immunobiology, is a compilation of information derived from recent studies on the role of circulating immune complexes (CIC) in the patho- genic manifestations of a variety of human cancers. Technical improvements in the detection of CIC in body fluids have resulted in data that indicate that CIC do occur in different types of cancer. In addition, tumor-associated antigens and antibodies have been detected in immune complexes of cancer patients' sera. Until recently the exact role and clinical relevance of immune complexes have been the subject of debate, partially because of the problems encountered in measuring immune complexes. But these problems are being confronted as more accurate measurement protocols are developed. Technical refinements, along with strict protocols, have provided evidence of heterogeneity in CIC, a factor that makes accurate detection of immune complexes in cancer patients difficult. Recent insights indicate that the measurement of immune complexes in cancer patients may be clinically useful not only as a tumor marker, but also in regard to the deranged immune response of tumor-bearing hosts and other disorders such as nephrotic syndrome, immune anemias, and clotting dysfunction.

Spis treści

1 Clinical Significance and Nature of Circulating Immune Complexes in Melanoma Patients.- I. Introduction.- II. CIC Detection Methods in Cancer.- III. Incidence of CIC in Melanoma Patients.- IV. Clinical Application of CIC Analysis in Melanoma.- A. Diagnostic Significance of CIC.- B. Prognostic Significance of CIC.- C. Possible Reasons for Poor Correlations.- V. Nature of CIC in Melanoma Patients.- A. Methods for Concentration of CIC.- B. Methods for Isolation of CIC.- C. Contaminants in Isolated CIC.- D. Dissociation of Isolated CIC.- E. Detection of Immune Reactants.- F. Summary of TAA Detected in CIC of Melanoma Patients.- VI. Concluding Remarks.- VII. References.- 2 Clinical Relevance of Immune Complexes, Associated Antigen, and Antibody in Cancer.- I. Introduction.- II. Incidence of Immune Complexes in Cancer.- III. Etiology of Immune Complexes.- A. Source of Immune Reactants.- B. Composition of Immune Complexes.- C. Fate of Immune Complexes.- IV. Pathogenetic Effects of CIC.- A. Mechanical Effects.- B. Inflammatory Effects.- C. Immunoregulatory Effects.- V. Role of CIC as Tumor Markers.- A. Prognosis.- B. Early Recurrence.- C. Postsurgical Follow-up.- D. Monitoring of Tumor Burden.- VI. Therapeutic Role of Immune Complexes.- A. Rationale and Major Findings.- B. Experience with Plasma Exchange and Plasmapheresis.- C. Experience with Protein A Immunoadsorption.- VII. Overview and Concluding Remarks.- VIII. References.- 3 The Pathophysiology of Circulating Immune Complexes: Their Role in Host-Tumor Interactions and Removal by Immunoadsorption Therapy.- I. Introduction.- II. Antiimmunoglobulins and Their Effect on the Variety of CIC Formed in the Plasma of Cancer Patients.- A. Types of Immune Complexes.- B. Antibody/Anti-Antibody Immune Complexes.- C. Clearance of Immune Complexes by Anti-Antibodies.- III. Interactions of CIC and Complement with the Clotting, Kinin, and Fibrinolyic Systems.- A. Interaction of CIC with the Clotting, Kinin, and Fibrinolytic Systems.- B. Interaction of Complement with the Clotting, Kinin, and Fibrinolytic Systems.- IV. Interaction of CIC with Platelets and Red Blood Cells.- A. Interaction with Platelets.- B. Interaction with Red Blood Cells.- V. The Role of CIC in Lymphocyte Function.- A. Suppressive Effects on T and B Cells.- B. Enhancing Effects on T and B Cells.- C. Effects of CIC Interactions with Lymphocytes in Cancer Patients.- VI. Clinical Significance of CIC in Cancer Patients.- A. Immune Complex Deposition in Tissues.- B. Effects on the Host Coagulation System.- C. Effects on the Host Immune System.- VII. Clinical Treatment Modalities for the Removal of CIC.- A. Experience with Plasma Exchange and Plasmapheresis.- B. Experience with Protein A Immunotherapy.- C. Conclusions.- VIII. References.- 4 Immune Complexes in Patients Bearing Solid Tumors.- I. Introduction.- II. Detection of CIC.- III. CIC in the Sera of Cancer Patients.- A. CIC and Tumor Development.- B. Immune Complexes and Pleural Effusions.- C. CIC and Autologous Rosettes.- D. CIC and ADCC.- E. CIC and Delayed Hypersensitivity.- F. CIC and Plasmapheresis.- IV. Overview and Conclusion.- V. References.- 5 Immunosuppressor Control as a Modality of Cancer Treatment: Effect of Plasma Adsorption with Staphylococcus aureus Protein A.- I. Introduction.- II. Cellular and Humoral Immunosuppressive Mechanisms in the Tumor-Host Relationship.- A. Immunosuppressive and Tumor-Growth-Enhancing Cells in Tumor-Bearing Hosts.- B. Soluble Immunosuppressive Factors in the Sera of Tumor-Bearing Hosts.- III. Soluble Immune Complexes as Predominating Immunosuppressor Molecules in Tumor-Bearing Hosts.- IV. Possible Mechanism of Generation of Immunosuppressive Factors in the Tumor-Bearing Host.- V. Immunotherapy by Controlling the Suppressor Cell Function.- VI. Nature of Specific Plasma Blocking Factors in the Tumor Host.- VII. Control of Serum Blocking Factors as an Approach to Cancer Immunotherapy.- A. Unblocking Approach.- B. Immune Complex Removal—Plasma Adsorption with Protein A of Staphylococcus aureus.- VIII. Plasma Adsorption in Rats Bearing a Chemically Induced Mammary Adenocarcinoma.- IX. Plasma Adsorption in Dogs Bearing a Transplantable Canine Venereal Tumor and Various Spontaneously Occurring Tumors.- X. Plasma Adsorption in Human Cancer Patients.- A. Clinical Observations.- B. Studies on Plasma Adsorbed over S. aureus.- C. Other Studies.- D. Role of Immune Complex Removal in Plasma Adsorption Procedure.- XI. Possible Mechanisms of Tumor Regression in Plasma-Adsorbed Hosts—An Imbalance in the Dynamic Equilibrium of Immune Complexes Activating the Host Immunity to Fight Cancer.- XII. Infusion of Purified Protein A Showing Effect Similar to Plasma Adsorption.- XIII. Enterotoxin Contamination of Protein A and Its Possible Effects.- XIV. Possible Mechanism of Generation of Various Bioreactive Products following Plasma Adsorption over S. aureus or S. aureus Wood 46 and during Direct Infusion of Protein A.- XV. Summary.- XVI. References.- 6 Blocking (Suppressor) Factors, Immune Complexes, and Extracorporeal Immunoadsorption in Tumor Immunity.- I. Introduction.- II. Specific Blocking Factors.- III. Immune Complexes in Cancer.- IV. Relationship between SBF and Suppressor Cells.- V. Analysis of Suppressor Factors Produced Using Hybridoma Technology.- VI. Immune Modulation by Plasma Treatment: Rationale and Major Findings.- VII. Lymphosarcoma and Persistent FeLV Infection of Pet Cats: A Model to Study Immunological Responses during Extracorporeal Immunoadsorption Treatments.- VIII. Extracorporeal Immunoadsorption Treatments of AIDS-like Syndromes.- IX. Conclusions.- X. References.- 7 Trials of Staphylococcal Protein A-Treated Plasma Infusions in Cancer Therapy: Clinical Effects and Implications for Mode of Action.- I. Introduction and Background.- II. Methodology.- A. Clinical Trials.- B. In Vitro Cytotoxicity Testing.- III. Results.- A. Phase I Clinical Trial.- B. In Vitro Cytotoxicity Testing.- IV. Discussion of Results and Implications for Mode of Action.- V. Summary.- VI. References.- 8 Protein A Immunoadsorption/Immunoactivation: A Critical Review.- I. Introduction.- II. In Vivo Studies in Laboratory Animals.- III. Clinical Studies.- IV. In Vitro Investigations.- V. Discussion and Conclusions.- VI. References.