Imaging of the Brain in Psychiatry and Related Fields

ISBN-13: 9783642770890 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 375 str.

Konrad Maurer

Opis

In the last two decades imaging of the brain, or neuroimaging, has become an integral part of clinical and research psychiatry. This is due to recent advances in computer technology, which has made it relatively easy to generate brain images representing structure and function of the central nervous system. Currently used clinical diagnostic imaging modalities, such as X-ray computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), provide predominantly anatomic information. CT images reflect X-ray attenuation distribution within the brain, whereas MRI signals depend primarily on proton sensitivity and tissue relaxivity. The chapter "Structural Imaging Methods" reviews CT and MRI studies on schizophrenic and affective disorders and degenera tive central nervous system diseases. The impact of fast three dimensional (3-0) imaging and the automatic transfer from 3-D elements in the brain to artificial diagrams based on this information is considered. Since the original report of the findings of Ingvar and Franzen in 1974 and the introduction of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measurements, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has been gaining acceptance as one of the major imaging techniques, and it is available in most nuclear medicine depart ments. The section "Functional Imaging Methods (Cerebral Blood Flow - CBF, Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography - SPECT)" describes rCBF studies with the 133Xe inhalation method utilizing a 254 detector system and rCBF images measured by SPECT using the tracer 99mTc-HMPAO."

Spis treści

Structural Imaging Methods (Computerized Tomography/ Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging).- Schizophrenia as an Anomaly of Cerebral Asymmetry.- Structural Brain Changes in Schizophrenia: The Issue of Subgroups.- Volumetry of Limbic Structures in Schizophrenics and Controls.- Hippocampus and Basal Ganglia Pathology in Chronic Schizophrenics. A Replication Study from a New Brain Collection.- Normal Size of Temporal Areas in a Group of Schizophrenic Patients: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.- Ventricle Size and P300 in Elderly Depressed Patients.- Fast Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Three Dimensional Volumetric Calculations in Degenerative Central Nervous System Diseases.- Arachnoid Cysts in Psychiatric Patients: A Retrospective Computerized Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.- Cerebral Effects of Stereotactic Subcaudate Tractotomy.- Comparisons of Linear and Planimetric Indices as Estimators of Intraventricular Cerebrospinal Fluid Spaces (CSF) in Normal Autoptic Brains.- Automatic Transfer from Three-Dimensional Volume Elements in the Brain to Knowledge-Based Artificial Diagrams.- Functional Imaging Methods (Cerebral Blood Flow/ Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography).- Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Schizophrenia.- The Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Landscape in Chronic Schizophrenia: An 18 Year Follow-up Study.- Cortical and Subcortical Brain Function in Schizophrenia.- Technetium-99m Hexamethylpropilene-amino-oxime Cerebral Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography in Drug-Free Schizophrenic Patients.- A New Methodical Approach for the Imaging of Cerebral Benzodiazepine Receptors in Schizophrenia: Preliminary Results of a Single Photon Emission Tomography Study with (123I) Iomazenil.- Parietal Lobe Effects of Somatosensory Stimulation in Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography: A Study on Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia.- Changes in the Regional Activation Pattern in the Normal Human Brain During Dreaming and Rapid Eye Movement Sleep as Measured with Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography.- Evaluation of Total Sleep Deprivation by Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography.- Correlation of 99m Tc-Labeled HMPAO-SPECT with Spectral EEG Activity in Dementia of Alzheimer Type.- The Dynamic Investigation of Brain Function with Split-Dose Tc 99m-Exametazime Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography.- Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and Auditory Evoked Potential Studies in Childhood Autism.- Hexamethylpropilene-amino-oxime Perfusion Scintigraphy in Brain Death.- Concussion: Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and Associate Learning Ability.- Functional Imaging Methods (Positron Emission Tomography).- Imaging Neuroreceptors with Positron Emission Tomography: A New Strategy for Measuring Pharmacological Activity in the Treatment of Schizophrenia.- Bimodal Distribution of Brain Dopamine D2 Receptors in Schizophrenic Patients Explained by In Vivo Binding Studies.- Age-Dependent Changes of the Metabolic Pattern in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease.- Activity Changes in the Human Brain Due to Vibratory Stimulation of the Hand Studied with Positron Emission Tomography.- Functional Imaging Methods (Magnetoencephalography).- The Use of Magnetoencephalography in Psychiatry.- Comparison of Single-Channel and Multichannel Magnetoencephalogram Recordings.- Functional Imaging Methods (Computerized Electroencephalographic Topography).- Psychiatry and Microstates of the Brain’s Electric Field: Towards the “Atoms of Thought and Emotion”.- Mapping of Scalp Potential Fields Elicited by Cortical Generators: The Use of Dynamic Random Dot Stereograms.- EEG Characteristics of Aggression with Respect to Sorrow and Joy.- The Quantification of Variability in Event-Related Potentials and Its Application to Schizophrenia.- Haloperidol-Induced Changes of Computerized Electroencephalogram Topography in Drug-Free Schizophrenic Patients.- Changes and Clinical Correlations of P300 in Schizophrenia.- Cognitive Components of Auditory Evoked Potentials in Schizophrenic Disorders: Topography and Clinical Correlations.- Electroencephalogram Mapping in Hemispheric Vascular Insults.- Correlation Maps: On the Relation of Electroencephalographic Slow Wave Activity to Computerized Tomography and Psychopathometric Measurements in Dementia.- Electroencephalogram Mapping During Cognitive Effort in Normals and Neurotics.- Topographic Brain Mapping of Emotion-Related Hemisphere Activity and Susceptibility to Psychosomatic Disorders.- Neurometric Quantitative Electroencephalogram Subtyping of Obsessive Compulsive Disorders.- Electroencephalogram Mapping in Sodium Lactate-Induced Panic Attaks: Preliminary Results.- Hallucinations - Changes in Functional Brain Imaging (Electroencephalogram Mapping): Preliminary Data.- Crack Cocaine Dependence: Discrimination from Major Depression Using Quantitative Electroencephalogram Variables.- Adrenergic-Cholinergic Balances: Interaction of Physostigmine and Clonidine in Behavior and Topographic Electrical Brain Activity.- Increased Reactivity in the Electroencephalogram During Voluntary Movements of Normal Volunteers Medicated with Haloperidol.- Multimodal Application.- Simultaneous Electroencephalographic and Cerebral Metabolic Rate Measurement.- Simultaneous Electroencephalogram Mapping and Positron Emission Tomography in Chronic Schizophrenia: Preliminary Results in Neuroleptic Treated Patients.- Adenosine Receptors and Second Messengers in Rat Hippocampus After Unilateral Entorhinal Cortex Lesion: An Autoradiographic Study.- Imaging of Cat Cerebellar Cortex Responses.- Topographic Mapping of Biochemical Data.- Behavioral Imaging: The Neuropsychological Assessment.- Topographical Variation of Equivalent EEG Generators During Cognitive Decline in Patients with Dementia of Alzheimer Type.