IP Addressing and Subnetting Inc Ipv6: Including Ipv6

ISBN-13: 9781928994015 / Angielski / Miękka / 2000 / 487 str.

J. D. Wegner; Robert Rockell

Opis

Internetworking Protocol (IP) addresses are the unique numeric identifiers required of every device connected to the Internet. They allow for the precise routing of data across very complex worldwide internetworks. The rules for their format and use are governed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) of the The Internet SOCiety (ISOC). In response to the exponential increase in demand for new IP addresses, the IETF has finalized its revision on IP addressing as IP Version 6, also know as IPng (ng = Next Generation). Key hardware vendors such as Cisco and major Internet Service Providers such as America Online have already announced plans to migrate to IP Version 6.
IP address allocation within an organization requires a lot of long-term planning. This timely publication addresses the administrator and engineer's need to know how IP 6 impacts their enterprise networks.

• Easy-to-read, light technical approach to cellular technology
• Ideal for companies planning a phased migration from IP 4 to IP 6
• Timely publication: The IETF standard was finalized in early 1999 and will begin to be implemented in late 1999/2000. The current IP Version 4 address set will be exhausted by 2003
• The book focuses on planning and configuring networks and devices for IP 6. Specifically, it will cover how to: Increase the IP address size from 32 bits to 128 bits; Support more levels of addressing hierarchy; Support an increased number of addressable nodes; Support simpler auto-configuration of addresses; Improve the scalability of multicast routing by adding a "scope" field to multicast addresses; Use a new "anycast address" to send a packet to any one of a group of nodes

Spis treści

Preface

Why this Book is Necessary

Contents of this Book

Editor's Acknowledgment

Chapter 1 Addressing and Subnetting Basic

IP Address Basic

Classful Addressing-Structure an Size of Each Type

Address Assignment

Examples

The Purpose of Subnetting

The BasicFixed-Length Max

What the Mask Does

Components of a Mask

Binary Determination of Mask Values

Decimal Equivalent Mask Values

Creating Mask for Various Networking Problems

Addresses and Mask Interaction

Reserved and Restricted Address

Determining the range of Addresses within Subnets

Determining Subnet Addresses Given a Single Address and Mask

Interpreting Masks

Reserved Addresses

Summary

FAQs

Chapter 2 Creating an Addressing Plan for Fixed-Length Mask Networks

Introduction

Determine Addressing Requirements

Review Your Internetwork Design

How Many Subnets Do You Need?

How Many IP Addresses Are Needed in Each Subnet?

Choose the Proper Mask

Consult the Tables

Obtain IP Addresses

From Your Organization's Network Manager

From Your ISP

From Your Internet Registry

Calculate Ranges of IP Addresses for Each Subnet

Doing It the Hard Way

Worksheets

Subnet Calculators

Allocate Addresses to Devices

Assigning Subnets

Assigning Device Addresses

Document Your Work

Keeping Track of What You've Done

Paper

Spreadsheets

Databases

In Any Case

Summary

FAQs

Exercises

Subnetting Tables

Class A Subnetting Table

Class B Subnetting Table

Class C Subnetting Table

Subnet Assignment Worksheet

Chapter 3 Private Addressing and Subnetting Large Networks

Introduction

Strategies to Conserve Addresses

CIDR

VLSM

Private Addresses

Addressing Economics

An Appeal

Public vs Private Address Spaces

Can I Pick My Own?

RFC 1918~Private Network Addresses

The Three-Address Blocks

Considerations

Which to Use When

Strategy for Subnetting a Class A Private Network

The Network

The Strategy

Address Assignment

Results

Summary

FAQs

Exercises

Chapter 4 Network Address Translation

Introduction

Hiding Behind the Router/Firewall

What Is NAT?

How Does NAT Work?

Network Address Translation (Static)

How Does Static NAT Work?

Double NAT

Problems with Static NAT

Configuration Examples

Network Address Translation (Dynamic)

How Does Dynamic NAT Work?

Problems with Dynamic NAT

Configuration Examples

Port Address Translation (PAT)

How Does PAT Work?

Problems with PAT

Configuration Examples

What Are the Advantages?

What Are the Performance Issues?

Proxies and Firewall Capabilities

Packet Filters

Proxies

Stateful Packet Filters

Stateful Packet Filter with Rewrite

Why a Proxy Server Is Really Not a NAT

Shortcomings of SPF

Summary

FAQs

References & Resources

RFCs

IP Masquerade/Linux

Cisco

Windows

NAT Whitepapers

Firewalls

Chapter 5 Variable-Length Subnet Masking

Introduction

Why Are Variable-Length Masks Necessary?.

Right-sizing Your Subnets

More Addresses or More Useful Addresses?

The Importance of Proper Planning

Creating and Managing Variable-Length Subnets

Analyze Subnet Needs

Enumerate Each Subnet and Number of Required Nodes

Determine Which Mask to Use in Each Subnet

Allocate Addresses Based on Need For Each Subnet

Routing Protocols and VI~M

Class C VI~M Problem

Completing the Class C Problem

Template-based Address Assignment

Summary

FAQs

Chapter 6 Routing Issues

Introduction

Classless Interdomain Routing

From Millions to Thousands of Networks

ISP Address Assignment

Using CIDR Addresses Inside Your Network

Contiguous Subnets

IGRP

EIGRP

EIGRP Concepts

RIP-1 Requirements

Comparison with IGRP

Routing Update Impact

RIP-2 Requirements

OSPF

Configuring OSPF

Routing Update Impact

OSPF Implementation Recommendations

BGP Requirements

IBGP and EBGP Requirements

Loopback Interfaces

Summary

FAQs

Chapter 7 Automatic Assignment of IP Addresses with BOOTP and DHCP Objectives

Introduction

The Role of Dynamic Address Assignment

A Brief History

Address Management with These Tools

Field Descriptions and Comments

BOOTP Process Details

The BOOTP Server Database

How Does DHCP Work?

DHCP-Specific Options

Interoperation between DHCP and BOOTP

DHCP Address Scopes

Comparing BOOTP and DHCP

How BOOTP Works

DHCP / BOOTP Options

BOOTP, DHCP, and Routed Networks

The BOOTP Relay Agent

The Role of the GIADDR

Other Fields Involved

BOOTP Implementation Checklist

DHCP Implementation Checklist

Summary

FAQs

Chapter 8 Multicast Addressing

What Is Multicast?

Mapping IP Multicast to the Link Layer

Joining the Group

IGMP

Multicast Routing Protocols

Mbone

Multicast Addresses

Transient and Permanent Addresses

Generic Assignments

IANA Assignments

Scope of Multicast Addresses Using TTL

Administrative Scopes

IP Stacks and Multicast

Why Multicast?

Efficiency of Bandwidth Usage and Scaling

Discovering

Efficient Channel

Industry

Summary

FAQ

References

Chapter 9 IPv6 Addressing

Introduction

IPv6 Addressing Basics

IPv6 Addressing Scheme Characteristics

Version

Traffic Class

Flow Label

Payload Length

Next Header

More Bits!

A More Flexible Hierarchical Organization of Addresses

Minimizing the Size of Routing Tables

Global Addresses for the Internet and Local Addresses for Intranet

IPv6 Benefits

Increased IP Address Size

Increased Addressing Hierarchy Support

Simplified Host Addressing

Simpler Autoconfiguration of Addresses

Improved Scalability of Multicast Routing

The Anycast Address

The Need for Further Development

The Multihoming Problem

The 6Bone

Summary

FAQ

Chapter 10 The IPv6 Header

Introduction

Expanded Addressing

Simplified Header

Improved Support for Extension and Option

Flow and Flow Labeling

Authentication and Privacy

IPv6 Header

IPv4 Header

Extension Headers

Hop-by-Hop Option Header

Routing Header

Fragment Header

Authentication Header

Encapsulating Security Payload

Destination Options Header

Upper-Layer Protocol Issues

Summary

FAQs

References

Appendix A Address Assignment

Introduction

Registries

Provider-Based Assignments

Cost of an IP Address

How to Find an IPv4 Address Delegation

How to Find an IPv6 Address Delegation

Internet Governance

Summary

Index