Hybridoma Technology in the Biosciences and Medicine

ISBN-13: 9781468449662 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 602 str.

Timothy Springer

Spis treści

I. The Production and Improvement through Genetic Engineering of Monoclonal Antibodies.- 1. Monoclonal Antibody Strategy and Techniques.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Factors That Control Immunogenicity.- 3. Strategy and Tactics for the Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies.- 4. Procedures for the Production of Monoclonal Antibodies.- 5. Screening Assays for Monoclonal Antibody.- References.- 2. Strategies for Production of Human Monoclonal Antibodies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Human versus Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies.- 3. Epstein-Barr Virus.- 4. Human Hybridomas. Fusion Partners.- 5. Epstein-Barr Virus Hybridoma Technique.- 6. Large-Scale Production of Human Monoclonal Antibodies.- 7. Possible Limitations and Future Developments.- References.- 3. The Antibody Combining Site.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure of the Antibody Combining Site.- 3. Digoxin-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies.- 4. A Look into the Future.- References.- 4. The Generation of Better Monoclonal Antibodies through Somatic Mutation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Class and Subclass Switch Variants.- 3. Deletion Mutants.- 4. Antigen Binding Mutants.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 5. Switching the Isotype of Monoclonal Antibodies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mouse Immunoglobulin isotypes.- 3. The Genetics of Immunoglobulin Isotype Expression.- 4. Spontaneous Isotype Switching in Myelomas and Hybridomas.- 5. Techniques of Switch Variant Selection.- 6. Kinetics of Isotype Switching.- 7. Effects of Mutagens on the Rate of Isotype Switching.- References.- 6. The Analysis of Structural Diversity in the Antibody Response.- 1. Introduction.- 2. RNA Sequencing.- 3. Analyzing Immunoglobulin Diversity by mRNA Sequencing.- 4. Protocol.- 5. Analyzing the Structural Diversity of the Antibody Response.- References.- 7. Expressions of Cloned Immunoglobulin Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mechanism of Immunoglobulin Gene Assembly.- 3. Assembly of Transfected Genes.- 4. Control of Immunoglobulin Gene Expression.- 5. Expression of Introduced Genes.- 6. Transgenic Mice.- 7. Summary.- References.- II. Monoclonal Antibodies in Biomedical Research: Principles and Applications.- 8. The Immunochemistry of Monoclonal Antibodies: Studies on One Immunologic Supergene (HLA) with the Products of Another.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fragmentation of IgG to Give F(ab’)2 and Fab.- 3. Fab/c: A Univalent Fragment with Effector Function.- 4. Isotype Switch Variants.- 5. Binding of Monoclonal Antibodies to Cell Surface Antigens.- 6. Hybrid Antibodies.- 7. Enhancing Effects of Monoclonal Antibodies in Solution.- 8. Quantitative Serologic Analysis of HLA-A, B Molecules.- 9. Epitope Mapping.- References.- 9. Purification of Membrane Glycoproteins with Monoclonal Antibody Affinity Columns.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Key Aspects in Monoclonal Antibody Affinity Chromatography.- 3. Purifications Based on Antigenic Determinants Stable to Denaturation.- References.- 10. Transferrin Receptor.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure of the Transferrin Receptor.- 3. Functional Aspects of the Transferrin Receptor.- 4. Gene Transfer and Molecular Cloning of the Human Transferrin Receptor.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 11. Functional and Structural Interrelationships among the Mac-1, LFA-1 Family of Leukocyte Adhesion Glycoproteins, and their Deficiency in a Novel Heritable Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Probing Cell Surface Functions with Monoclonal Antibodies.- 3. Functional Properties of LFA-1.- 4. Functional Properties of Mac-1, a Molecule Related to LFA-1.- 5. Glycoprotein Family Interrelationships.- 6. Mac-1, LFA-1 Deficiency Disease.- References.- 12. Demonstration of Receptor Function of Membrane Proteins by Selection and Immobilization with Monoclonal Antibodies.- 1. Background.- 2. Demonstration of Specificity of Monoclonal Antibody-Immobilized Antigen for Particulate Ligand.- 3. Demonstration of Specificity of Monoclonal Antibody-Immobilized Antigen for Soluble Ligand.- 4. Summary.- References.- 13. Production of Rat × Mouse Hybridomas for the Study of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Production of Rat Monoclonal Antibodies.- 3. Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies and Specificity Determination.- 4. Use of Monoclonal Antibodies to Study Acetylcholine Receptors.- 5. Use of Monoclonal Antibodies to Study Myasthenia Gravis and Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis.- References.- 14. Sperm Surface Domains.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Production and Characterization of the Monoclonal Antibodies.- 3. Topographic Localization of Surface Antigens: A Map of the Guinea Pig Sperm Cell Surface.- 4. How Do Surface Antigens Become Localized during Differentiation of the Sperm Cell?.- 5. What Keeps Antigens in Their Domains? The Maintenance of Surface Topography.- 6. Dynamics of Surface Localization: The Migration of Surface Molecules from Their Original Domain to a New Domain.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 15. The Cytoskeleton.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Experimental Procedures.- 3. Examples of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Cytoskeletal Components.- 4. Examples of Utility of Monoclonal Antibodies against Cytoskeleton.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 16. Monoclonal Antibodies as Molecular Probes of the Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Immunologic Structure of the Retina.- 3. In Vitro Studies of Retinal Cells.- 4. Layers, Gradients, and Positional Information.- 5. Discussion.- References.- 17. Application of Monoclonal Antibodies to Issues of Plasma Lipoprotein Structure and Function.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Background. Plasma Lipoprotein Structure and Function.- 3. Monoclonal Antibodies That Bind Lipoproteins.- 4. Application of Monoclonal Antibodies to Issues of Lipoprotein Structure and Function.- 5. Future Applications and Summary.- References.- 18. Enzyme Active Sites.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Enzymes with Multiple Interacting Sites.- 3. Molecular Mechanisms of Catalysis.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 19. Monoclonal Antibodies in Studies of the Hong Kong Influenza Hemagglutinin.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The X-31 Hong Kong Hemagglutinin.- 3. Antibody Binding Sites.- 4. Antigenic Variation.- 5. Analysis of Hemagglutinin Functions.- References.- 20. Virus Receptors on Somatic and Immune Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Reovirus as a Model System for Studying Viral Receptor Interactions.- 3. Studies of Reovirus Receptor with Anti-Idiotypic Antibody.- 4. Similarities of Somatic and Immune Cell Viral Receptors.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- III. Uses of Antibodies in Recombinant DNA Technology.- 21. Designing and Using Site-Specific Antibodies to Synthetic Peptides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. How Can Antibodies to Synthetic Peptides Be Used?.- 3. Preparation of Antibodies to Synthetic Peptides.- 4. A Specific Example of the Use of Antipeptide Antibody: Polyoma Middle T Antigen.- Conclusion.- References.- 22. Gene Transfer as a General Approach to Facilitate the Recombinant DNA Cloning of Surface Antigen Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Transferrin Receptor System.- 3. General Strategy for Gene Cloning.- 4. Isolation of Primary Transformants.- 5. Isolation of Secondary Transformants.- 6. Recombinant DNA Cloning of Secondary Transformant DNA and Validation of Gene Cloning.- 7. Discussion and Summary.- References.- 23. Amplification and Molecular Cloning of Transfected Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Movement of DNA from Outside the Cell into the Nucleus: Basic Process.- 3. Methods for Transferring DNA into Cells.- 4. Methods of Selection.- 5. Cloning Genes.- 6. Amplification.- 7. Analyzing Cell Surface Antigens.- References.- 24. Screening ?gt11 Expression Libraries with Antibody Probes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Xgtll.- 3. Escherichia coli Host.- 4. Constructing Xgtll Recombinant DNA Libraries.- 5. Preparation of Antibody Probes.- 6. Screening Expression Vector Libraries with Antibody Probes.- 7. Confirmation of Gene Identity.- 8. Conclusion.- References.- 25. Purification of Low-Abundance Messenger RNAs by Polysome Isolation with Polyclonal Antibodies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Results and Discussion.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 26. Purification of Messenger RNA by Polysome Isolation with Monoclonal Antibodies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Monoclonal Antibodies.- 3. Assaying mRNA Activity.- 4. Polysome Immunopurification.- 5. cDNA Cloning.- 6. Characterization of cDNA Clones.- 7. Discussion.- References.- 27. Expression of Foreign Proteins on the Surface of Xenopus laevis Oocytes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Results and Discussion.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- References.- IV. Monoclonal Antibodies in Diagnosis and Therapy.- 28. Antibodies in Vivo.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Antibodies to the ?-Adrenergic Receptor.- 3. Renin-Specific Antibodies.- 4. Digoxin-Specific Antibody in the Clinical Reversal of Toxicity.- 5. Imaging of Myocardial Infarcts.- 6. Detecting Thrombi in Vivo.- 7. How Will Antibodies Be Established as Practical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents?.- 8. Concluding Comment.- References.- 29. Human Complement-Fixing Antibodies in Transplantation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Possible Reasons for Poor Lytic Ability of Monoclonal Antibodies.- 3. Monoclonal Antibodies with Good Lytic Ability.- 4. Therapeutic Applications.- 5. Techniques for Enhancing Complement-Mediated Lysis.- 6. Conclusion.- References.- 30. Manipulation of T-Cell Populations to Abrogate Allograph Rejection.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Nature of Allograft Rejection.- 3. Monoclonal Anti-T-Cell Antibodies.- 4. Pan-T-Cell Monoclonal Antibodies in Renal Transplantation.- 5. Immunogenicity of Mouse Immunoglobulins.- 6. Conclusion489References.- 31. Serotherapy and Bone Marrow Transplantation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemic Antigens: Targets for Immunotherapy.- 3. Results.- 4. Discussion.- References.- V. T-Cell Clones and Their Products.- 32. The Murine T-Cell Antigen: Ia Receptor: Functional and Structural Analysis with a Monoclonal Antireceptor Antibody.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Approaches to Isolating the T-Cell Antigen:MHC Receptor.- 3. The Production of Antireceptor Antibodies against Murine Helper T-Cell Lines.- 4. The Biological Activity of a Monoclonal Antireceptor Antibody.- 5. Structural Analysis of the T-Cell Antigen:MHC Receptor.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 33. Functional T-Cell Hybridomas.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methodology.- 3. Applications.- References.- 34. The Mechanisms That Control the Proliferation and Activity of Cytolytic T Lymphocytes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Control of Lymphocyte Proliferation.- 3. The Control of the Expression of CTL-Effector Function.- 4. Concluding Remarks on the Role of T-Cell Hybrids.- References.- 35. Human Cytolytic T-Lymphocyte Clones and Their Function-Associated Cell Surface Molecules.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Results and Discussion.- 4. Summary.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 36. The Use of Mouse Lymphocyte Clones to Define T-Cell Gene Products and Analyze Lymphocyte Gene Activation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Generation of T-Cell Clones.- 3. Definition of a T-Cell Gene Product in a T-Cell Clone.- 4. Experimental Procedures.- References.- 37. Interleukin 1, Interferon Gamma, and the Modulation of Macrophage-T Cell Interactions.- 1. Introduction: Antigen Presentation.- 2. Interleukin 1.- 3. Interferon Gamma.- 4. Summary.- References.