Human Behavior and Traffic Safety

ISBN-13: 9781461292807 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 568 str.

Leonard Evans

Opis

This volume contains the papers and discussions from a Symposium on: 'Hu man Behavior and Traffic Safety" held at the General Motors Research Labora tories on September 23-25, 1984. This Symposium was the twenty-ninth in an annual series sponsored by the Research Laboratories. Initiated in 1957, these symposia have as their objective the promotion of the interchange of knowledge among specialists from many allied disciplines in rapidly developing or chang ing areas of science or technology. Attendees characteristically represent the aca demic, government, and industrial institutions that are noted for their ongoing activities in the particular area of interest. of this Symposium was to focus on the role of human behavior The objective in traffic safety. In this regard, a clear distinction is drawn between, on the one hand, "human behavior," and on the other "human performance." Human per formance at the driving task, or what the driver can do, has been the subject of much research reported in the technical literature. Although clearly of some rel evance, questions of performance do not appear to be central to most traffic crashes. Of much more central importance is human behavior, or what the driver in fact does. This is much more difficult to determine, and is the subject of the Symposium."

Spis treści

Cochairman’s Remarks: Scope and Purpose of the Symposium.- Session 1: Traffic Safety Trends — Contrasts and Explanations.- Recent U.S. Traffic Fatality Trends.- Discussion.- Road Safety Measures in Japan.- Discussion.- Modeling Driver Behavior: A Pessimistic Prediction?.- Discussion.- Adolescents’ Traffic Casualties: Causes and Interventions.- Discussion.- Session 2: Observational Studies of Traffic-Related Human Behavior.- Mandatory Belt Use and Driver Risk Taking: An Empirical Evaluation of the Risk-Compensation Hypothesis.- Discussion.- Risk Homeostasis in an Experimental Context.- Prepared Discussion: Frank P. McKenna.- Discussion.- The Role of Perceptual and Cognitive Filters in Observed Behavior.- Discussion.- Interactions between Drivers and Pedestrians: Some New Approaches to Pedestrian Safety.- Prepared Discussion: Hugo H. van der Molen.- Discussion.- Cochairman’s Remark.- Session 3: Driver Behavior Inferred from Field Accident Data.- Smeed’s Law, Seat Belts and the Emperor’s New Clothes.- Prepared Discussion: Peter N. Joubert.- Prepared Reply: John Adams.- Seat Belt Use Under Voluntary and Mandatory Conditions and its Effect on Casualties.- Oral Discussion of Papers by John Adams and Murray Mackay.- An Exploratory Study of Vehicle Type in Alcohol-Related Crashes.- Discussion.- Driver Behavior Revealed in Relations Involving Car Mass.- Discussion.- Session 4: What Can Be Done? Motivational Approaches to Modifying Driver Behavior.- Incentives for Improving Driving Behavior Ex Ante/ Ex Post Considerations.- Discussion.- The Effects of Enforcement and Public Information on Compliance.- Discussion.- Between Molecule (Alcohol) and Mayhem (Road Crashes): The Case for Humane Intervention and the Role of the Social and Behavioral Sciences.- Discussion.- A Critical View of Driver Behavior Models: What Do We Know, What Should We Do?.- Discussion.- Post Symposium Reflections.- Post Symposium Reflections.- Author Biographies.- List of Participants.- Author Index.