1. Introduction; 2. Historical background to the quality/quantity quandary; 3. Lanchester's combat models; 4. Problems in validation; 5. Some past attempts at validating Lanchester's combat models; 6. Features of the American Civil War 1861-65; 7. Study of American Civil War battles; 8. Evidence from wars before the American Civil War; 9. Evidence from wars after the American Civil War; 10. The influence of Lanchester's Square Law (?); 11. Overview; 12. Conclusions.