List of Tables; List of Figures and Maps; Preface; Acknowledgements; Phonetic Symbols and Conventions; Phonetic Symbols Chart; 1: Introduction; 2: Sound Change; 3: Loanwords (Borrowing); 4: Analogical Change; 5: Chapter 5. Lexical Change; 6: Chapter 6. Semantic change; 7: The Comparative Method and Linguistic Reconstruction; 8 Internal Reconstruction; 9: Linguistic Classification; 10: Language Contact; 11: Change in Syntactic and Morphology; 12: Explanation of Language Change; 13: Distant Genetic Relationship; 14 Writing and Philology: The Role of Written Records; 15: Linguistic Prehistory; 16: Quantitative Approaches to Historical Linguistics and Technical Tools; Bibliography; Name Index; Subject Index; Language Index