Highway Engineering

ISBN-13: 9781119883302 / Angielski

Martin Rogers; Bernard Enright

Spis treści

About the Companion Website xv1 The Transportation Planning Process 11.1 Why Are Highways So Important? 11.2 The Administration of Highway Schemes 11.3 Sources of Funding 21.4 Highway Planning 31.4.1 Introduction 31.4.2 Travel Data 41.4.3 Highway Planning Strategies 61.4.3.1 Land-Use Transportation Approach 61.4.3.2 The Demand Management Approach 61.4.3.3 The Car-Centred Approach 71.4.3.4 The Public Transport-Centred Approach 71.4.4 Transportation Studies 71.4.4.1 Transportation Survey 71.4.4.2 Production and Use of Mathematical Models 81.5 The Decision-Making Process in Highway and Transport Planning 81.5.1 Introduction 81.5.2 Economic Assessment 101.5.3 Environmental Assessment 111.5.4 Public Consultation 121.6 Summary 13References 132 Forecasting Future Traffic Flows 152.1 Basic Principles of Traffic Demand Analysis 152.2 Demand Modelling 162.3 Land-Use Models 182.4 Trip Generation 182.4.1 TRICS (r) Database 232.5 Trip Distribution 242.5.1 Introduction 242.5.2 The Gravity Model 252.5.3 Growth Factor Models 302.5.4 The Furness Method 312.6 Modal Split 362.7 Traffic Assignment 412.8 A Full Example of the Four-Stage Transportation Modelling Process 462.8.1 Trip Production 462.8.2 Trip Distribution 472.8.3 Modal Split 502.8.4 Trip Assignment 522.9 'Decide and Provide' Versus 'Predict and Provide' 532.10 Concluding Comments 54Additional Problems 54References 573 Scheme Appraisal for Highway Projects 593.1 Introduction 593.2 Economic Appraisal of Highway Schemes 603.3 Cba 613.3.1 Introduction 613.3.2 Identifying the Main Project Options 613.3.3 Identifying all Relevant Costs and Benefits 623.3.3.1 Reductions in VOCs 633.3.3.2 Savings in Time 633.3.3.3 Reduction in the Frequency of Accidents 643.3.4 Economic Life, Residual Value, and the Discount Rate 643.3.5 Use of Economic Indicators to Assess Basic Economic Viability 653.3.6 Highway CBA Worked Example 673.3.6.1 Introduction 673.3.6.2 Computation of Discounted Benefits and Costs 683.3.6.3 Npv 703.3.6.4 Benefit-Cost Ratio 703.3.6.5 Irr 703.3.6.6 Summary 703.3.7 Coba 703.3.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of CBA 713.4 Payback Analysis 733.5 Environmental Appraisal of Highway Schemes 753.6 The New Approach to Appraisal 803.6.1 Environment 813.6.1.1 Noise 813.6.1.2 Local Air Quality 813.6.1.3 Landscape 823.6.1.4 Biodiversity 823.6.1.5 Heritage 823.6.1.6 Water 823.6.1.7 Safety 833.6.1.8 Economy 833.6.1.9 Journey Times and VOCs 833.6.1.10 Costs 833.6.1.11 Reliability 833.6.1.12 Regeneration 833.6.1.13 Accessibility 843.6.1.14 Pedestrians, Cyclists, and Equestrians 843.6.1.15 Access to Public Transport 853.6.1.16 Community Severance 853.6.1.17 Integration 853.7 NATA Refresh 863.7.1 Changes to the AST 863.7.2 Enhanced Presentation of Monetary Impacts 873.7.3 More Detailed Relationship Between Benefit-Cost Ratio and Value for Money 873.8 Transport Analysis Guidance: The Transport Appraisal Process 873.9 Project Management Guidelines 893.10 Common Appraisal Framework for Transport Projects and Programmes 903.11 Summary 91References 914 Basic Elements of Highway Traffic Analysis 934.1 Introduction 934.2 Surveying Road Traffic 934.2.1 Introduction 934.2.2 Vehicle Surveys 944.2.2.1 Introduction 944.2.2.2 Manual Counts 944.2.2.3 Automatic Counts 944.2.3 Speed Surveys 954.2.4 Delay/Queuing Surveys 964.2.5 Area-Wide Surveys 964.2.5.1 Introduction 964.2.5.2 Roadside Interview Surveys 974.2.5.3 Self-Completion Forms 974.2.5.4 Registration Plate Surveys 974.3 Journey Speed and Travel Time Surveys 984.3.1 Introduction 984.3.2 The Moving Observer Method 984.4 Speed, Flow, and Density of a Stream of Traffic 1034.4.1 Speed-Density Relationship 1034.4.2 Flow-Density Relationship 1044.4.3 Speed-Flow Relationship 1054.5 Headway Distributions in Highway Traffic Flow 1094.5.1 Introduction 1094.5.2 Negative Exponential Headway Distribution 1104.5.3 Limitations of the Poisson System for Modelling Headway 1144.6 Queuing Analysis 1144.6.1 Introduction 1144.6.2 The D/D/1 Queuing Model 1144.6.3 The M/D/1 Queuing Model 1184.6.4 The M/M/1 Queuing Model 1194.6.5 The M/M/N Queuing Model 120Additional Problems 123References 1285 Determining the Capacity of a Highway 1295.1 Introduction 1295.2 The 'Level of Service' Approach Using the Transportation Research Board 1295.2.1 Introduction 1295.2.2 Some Definitions 1315.2.3 Maximum Service Flow Rates for Multilane Highways 1315.2.4 Maximum Service Flow Rates for Two-Lane Highways 1375.2.5 Sizing a Road Using the Highway Capacity Manual Approach 1405.3 The 2010 Highway Capacity Manual - Analysis of Capacity and Level of Service for Multi-Lane and Two-Lane Highways 1435.3.1 Introduction 1435.3.2 Capacity and Level of Service of Multilane Highways (2010 Highway Capacity Manual) 1435.3.2.1 Flow Characteristics Under Base Conditions 1435.3.2.2 Capacity of Multilane Highway Segments 1445.3.2.3 Level of Service (LOS) for Multilane Highway Segments 1445.3.2.4 Required Data for the LOS Computation 1445.3.2.5 Computing LOS for a Multilane Highway 1455.3.3 Capacity and Level of Service of Two-Lane Highways 1505.3.3.1 Flow Characteristics Under Base Conditions 1505.3.3.2 Capacity and Level of Service 1505.3.3.3 Required Input Data and Default Values 1515.3.3.4 Demand Volumes and Flow Rates 1525.3.3.5 Computing LOS and Capacity for a Two-Lane Highway 1525.3.3.6 Determining Level of Service for Class 1 Two-Lane Highways 1545.3.3.7 Determining the Level of Service for Class 2 Two-Lane Highways 1615.3.3.8 Determining the Level of service for Class 3 Two-Lane Highways 1665.4 The 2016 Highway Capacity Manual - Analysis of Capacity and Level of Service for Multi-Lane Highways 1675.4.1 Introduction 1675.4.2 Capacity and Level of Service of Multilane Highways (2016 Highway Capacity Manual) 1675.4.2.1 Speed Versus Flow 1675.4.2.2 Baseline Conditions and Capacity 1675.4.2.3 Determining Free-Flow Speed 1685.4.2.4 Determination of Incident Flow Rate 1685.4.2.5 Calculation of Density and Determination of Level of Service 1685.5 The UK Approach for Rural Roads 1705.5.1 Introduction 1705.5.2 Estimation of AADT for a Rural Road in Its Year of Opening 1715.6 The UK Approach to Urban Roads 1735.6.1 Introduction 1735.6.2 Forecast Flows on Urban Roads 1745.7 Expansion of 12- and 16-Hour Traffic Counts into AADT Flows 1775.8 Concluding Comments 178Additional Problems 179References 1816 The Design of Highway Intersections 1836.1 Introduction 1836.2 Deriving DRFs from Baseline Traffic Figures 1846.2.1 Existing Junctions 1846.2.2 New Junctions 1846.2.3 Short-Term Variations in Flow 1846.2.4 Conversion of AADT to Highest Hourly Flows 1856.3 Major/Minor Priority Intersections 1856.3.1 Introduction 1856.3.2 Equations for Determining Capacities and Delays 1896.3.3 Geometric Layout Details 1966.3.3.1 Horizontal Alignment 1966.3.3.2 Vertical Alignment 1966.3.3.3 Visibility 1966.3.3.4 Dedicated Lane on the Major Road for Right-Turning Vehicles 1966.4 Roundabout Intersections 1976.4.1 Introduction 1976.4.2 Types of a Roundabout 1996.4.2.1 Mini-Roundabout 1996.4.2.2 Normal Roundabout 2006.4.2.3 Double Roundabout 2006.4.2.4 Other Forms 2016.4.3 Traffic Capacity at Roundabouts 2036.4.3.1 Drf 2056.4.4 Geometric Details 2096.4.4.1 Entry Width 2096.4.4.2 Entry Angle 2096.4.4.3 Entry Radius 2096.4.4.4 Entry Deflection/Entry Path Radius 2106.4.4.5 Icd 2106.4.4.6 Circulatory Carriageway 2106.4.4.7 Main Central Island 2106.5 Basics of Traffic Signal Control: Optimisation and Delays 2106.5.1 Introduction 2106.5.2 Phasing at a Signalised Intersection 2126.5.3 Saturation Flow 2126.5.4 Effective Green Time 2176.5.5 Optimum Cycle Time 2176.5.6 Average Vehicle Delays at the Approach to a Signalised Intersection 2206.5.7 Average Queue Lengths at the Approach to a Signalised Intersection 2226.5.8 Signal Linkage 2236.6 Concluding Remarks 228Additional Problems 228References 2307 Geometric Alignment and Design 2337.1 Basic Physical Elements of a Highway 2337.1.1 Main Carriageway 2337.1.2 Central Reservation 2337.1.3 Hard Shoulders/Hard Strips/Verges 2347.2 Design Speed and Stopping and Overtaking Sight Distances 2377.2.1 Introduction 2377.2.2 Urban Roads 2387.2.3 Rural Roads 2397.2.3.1 Statutory Constraint 2397.2.3.2 Layout Constraint 2397.2.3.3 Alignment Constraint 2407.2.3.4 New/Upgraded Rural Roads 2427.3 Geometric Parameters Dependent on Design Speed 2447.4 Sight Distances 2447.4.1 Introduction 2447.4.2 Stopping Sight Distance 2457.4.3 Overtaking Sight Distance 2467.5 Horizontal Alignment 2487.5.1 General 2487.5.2 Deriving the Minimum Radius Equation 2487.5.3 Horizontal Curves and Sight Distances 2517.5.3.1 Alternative Method for Computing Ms 2537.5.4 Transitions 2547.5.4.1 Shift 2557.6 Vertical Alignment 2587.6.1 General 2587.6.2 K Values 2597.6.3 Visibility and Comfort Criteria 2607.6.4 Parabolic Formula 2607.6.5 Crossfalls 2637.6.6 Vertical Crest Curve Design and Sight Distance Requirements 2647.6.6.1 Derivation of Crest Curve Formulae 2657.6.7 Vertical Sag Curve Design and Sight Distance Requirements 2697.6.7.1 Driver Comfort 2697.6.7.2 Clearance from Structures 2697.6.7.3 Sag Curves in Night-Time Conditions 270Additional Problems 271References 2748 Highway Pavement Materials 2758.1 Introduction 2758.2 Pavement Components: Terminology 2758.3 Soils at Subformation Level 2798.4 Materials in Foundations 2798.5 Materials in Flexible Pavements 2808.5.1 Bitumen 2808.5.2 Asphalt Concrete (Coated Macadams) 2818.5.3 Hot Rolled Asphalt 2828.5.4 Aggregates 2828.5.5 Designation of Asphalt Materials Used in Flexible Pavements 2828.6 Concrete in Rigid Pavements 2848.7 Surfacing Materials 2858.7.1 Surface Dressing and Modified Binders 2858.7.1.1 Cutback Bitumen 2858.7.1.2 Bituminous Emulsions 2858.7.1.3 Chippings 2868.8 Stiffness Modulus 2868.9 Measurement and Testing of Material and Pavement Properties 2898.9.1 CBR Test 2898.9.2 Determination of CBR Using Plasticity Index 2928.9.2.1 Liquid Limit 2928.9.2.2 Plastic Limit 2928.9.2.3 Plasticity Index 2928.9.2.4 Using I P and Soil Type to Derive CBR 2928.9.3 Using CBR to Estimate Stiffness Modulus 2938.9.4 Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) 2938.9.5 Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD) 2978.9.6 Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) 2988.9.7 Penetration Test for Bitumen 2988.9.8 Softening Point of Bitumen 2998.9.9 Polished Stone Value (PSV) 3008.9.10 Aggregate Abrasion Value (AAV) 3008.9.11 Patch Test 300Additional Problems 301References 302Design Manual for Roads and Bridges 302Standards 302Other Government Publications 303Other References 3039 Design and Construction of Highway Pavements 3059.1 Introduction and Design Approach 3059.2 Sustainability and Good Road Design 3069.3 Whole-Life Cost Analysis 3079.4 Traffic Loading 3079.4.1.1 Commercial Vehicle Flow (F) 3099.4.1.2 Growth Factor (G) 3099.4.1.3 Wear Factor (W) 3109.4.1.4 Design Period (Y) 3109.4.1.5 Percentage of Vehicles in the Heaviest Loaded Lane (P) 3119.5 Foundation Design 3149.5.1 Introduction 3149.5.2 Restricted Foundation Design Method 3169.5.3 Performance Design Method 3199.5.3.1 Design Charts for Foundation Layer Thickness: Performance Design 3219.5.3.2 Testing Foundation Surface Modulus on Demonstration Area and During Construction 3229.5.4 Drainage and Frost 3239.6 Pavement Design 3249.6.1 Design of Flexible Pavements 3259.6.2 Design of Rigid Pavements 3289.6.2.1 Continuously Reinforced Concrete 3289.6.2.2 Roller Compacted Concrete 3319.6.2.3 Jointed Concrete Pavements 3329.7 Construction of Flexible Pavements 3349.7.1 Construction of Bituminous Road Surfacings 3349.7.1.1 Transporting and Placing 3359.7.1.2 Compaction of the Bituminous mix 3369.7.1.3 Application of Coated Chippings to Smooth Surfacings 3369.8 Construction of Rigid Pavements 3369.8.1 Concrete Slab and Joint Details 3369.8.1.1 Joints in Concrete Pavements 3379.8.2 Reinforcement 339Additional Problems 339References 340Design Manual for Roads and Bridges 340Standards 341Other Government Publications 341Other References 34210 Pavement Maintenance 34310.1 Introduction 34310.2 Pavement Deterioration 34310.3 Compiling Information on the Pavement's Condition 34510.3.1 Introduction 34510.3.2 Traffic-Speed Surveys of Surface and Structural Condition 34610.3.3 Traffic-Speed Surveys of Skidding Resistance 34810.3.3.1 Skidding Resistance 34810.3.3.2 Measurement of Skidding Resistance 34910.3.4 Visual Condition Surveys 35010.3.5 Cores 35110.3.6 Dynamic Cone Penetrometer 35110.3.7 Deflectograph 35110.3.8 Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) 35310.3.9 Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) 35410.3.10 Other Investigation Techniques 35410.4 Forms of Maintenance 35410.4.1 Flexible Pavements 35510.4.2 Rigid Pavements 357References 35911 The Highway Engineer and the Development Process 36111.1 Introduction 36111.2 Transport Assessments 36211.2.1 Introduction 36211.2.2 Identifying the Need for an Assessment 36211.2.3 Preparing a TA 36311.2.3.1 Description of On-Site Existing Baseline Conditions 36411.2.3.2 Definition of the Proposed Development 36511.2.3.3 Setting the Assessment Years for Which Capacity Analyses Are Carried Out 36511.2.3.4 Setting the Analysis Periods for Which Capacity Analyses Are Carried Out 36511.2.3.5 Estimation of Trips Generated by the Proposal 36611.2.4 Final Comment 36711.3 Travel Plans 36711.3.1 Introduction 36711.3.2 Thresholds 36711.3.3 When Is a Travel Plan Required? 36811.3.4 What Information Should Be Included Within a Travel Plan? 36911.3.4.1 Appointment of a Travel Plan Coordinator 36911.3.4.2 Initial Monitoring Process 36911.3.4.3 Setting Targets for Modal Split 37011.3.4.4 Monitoring How Things Have Changed 37011.3.5 Mobility Management Plans in Ireland 37111.4 Road Safety Audits 37211.4.1 Principles Underlying the Road Safety Audit Process 37211.4.2 Definition of Road Safety Audit 37311.4.3 Stages Within Road Safety Audits 37411.4.4 Road Safety Audit Response Report 37511.4.5 Checklists for Use Within the RSA Process 37611.4.6 Risk Analysis 37811.4.7 Conclusions 381References 38112 Defining Sustainability in Transportation Engineering 38312.1 Introduction 38312.2 Social Sustainability 38312.3 Environmental Sustainability 38312.4 Economic Sustainability 38412.5 The Four Pillars of Sustainable Transport Planning 38412.5.1 Put Appropriate Governance in Place 38512.5.2 Provide Efficient Long-Term Finance 38512.5.3 Make Strategic Investments in Major Infrastructure 38512.5.4 Support Investments Through Local Design 38612.5.5 Concluding Comments 38612.6 How Will Urban Areas Adapt to the Need for Increased Sustainability? 38612.7 The Role of the Street in Sustainable Transport Planning 38712.7.1 Street Classification System 38712.7.2 Designing an Individual Street 38712.7.2.1 Introduction 38712.7.2.2 A Rational Approach to Speed in Urban Areas 38912.7.3 The Pedestrian Environment 39012.7.3.1 General Design Principles of Footpaths 39012.7.4 Design for Cycling 39212.7.4.1 Cycling Design Criteria 39212.7.4.2 Design Guidelines 39312.7.5 Carriageway Widths on Urban Roads and Streets 39612.7.6 Surfaces 39612.7.7 Junction Design in an Urban Setting 39812.7.8 Forward Visibility/Visibility Splays 39912.8 Public Transport 40012.8.1 Bus and Rail Services in Cities 40012.8.2 Design of Street Network to Accommodate Bus Services 40112.9 Using Performance Indicators to Ensure a More Balanced Transport Policy 40212.9.1 The Traditional Approach 40212.9.2 Using LOS to Measure the Quality of Pedestrian Facilities 40212.9.2.1 Introduction 40212.9.2.2 Formulae for Estimation of Link-Based Pedestrian LOS 40412.9.2.3 Free-Flow Walking Speed 40512.9.2.4 Average Pedestrian Space 40512.9.2.5 Pedestrian LOS Score (I p, link) 40512.9.2.6 Determining Link-Based Pedestrian LOS 40612.9.3 Using LOS to Measure the Quality of Cycling Facilities 40812.9.3.1 Formulae for Estimation of Link-Based Bicycle LOS 40812.9.3.2 Determining Link-Based Bicycle LOS 41012.9.4 Measuring the Quality of Public Transport Using LOS 41212.9.4.1 Acceleration-Deceleration Delay 41412.9.4.2 Delay Due to Serving Passengers 41412.9.4.3 Re-entry Delay (d re) 41412.10 A Sustainable Parking Policy 41912.10.1 Introduction 41912.10.2 Seminal Work of Donald Shoup in the United States 41912.10.3 The Pioneering ABC Location Policy in the Netherlands 42012.10.4 Possible Future Sustainable Parking Strategies 421References 422Index 423

O autorze

Martin Rogers, PhD, is a Transport Planning Practitioner and Senior Lecturer in the School of Transport and Civil Engineering, Technological University Dublin, Ireland. He is a Transport Planning Professional (TPS), a Chartered Civil Engineer (ICE) and Chartered Town Planner (RTPI), with extensive experience in both the private and public sectors, including membership in the Dublin Transport Initiative Study Team that devised the Dublin city region's first integrated transportation plan.Bernard Enright, PhD, is a Lecturer in the School of Transport and Civil Engineering, Technological University Dublin, Ireland. He has considerable experience in the engineering and information technology industries and has published extensively on highway engineering and related subjects.