Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning

ISBN-13: 9781119894148 / Twarda / 2023 / 640 str.

Hessam Taherian

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About the Companion Website xi1. Introduction 11.1 Historical Notes 21.2 Common HVAC Units and Dimensions 31.3 Fundamental Physical Concepts 61.4 Additional Comments 18References 19Problems 192. Air-Conditioning Systems 222.1 The Complete System 222.2 System Selection and Arrangement 242.3 HVAC Components and Distribution Systems 272.4 Types of All-Air Systems 282.5 Air-and-Water Systems 352.6 All-Water Systems 372.7 Decentralized Cooling and Heating 382.8 Heat Pump Systems 412.9 Heat Recovery Systems 432.10 Thermal Energy Storage 44References 45Problems 463. Moist Air Properties and Conditioning Processes 493.1 Moist Air and The Standard Atmosphere 493.2 Fundamental Parameters 513.3 Adiabatic Saturation 533.4 Wet Bulb Temperature and the Psychrometric Chart 553.5 Classic Moist Air Processes 573.6 Space Air Conditioning--Design Conditions 663.7 Space Air Conditioning--Off-Design Conditions 77References 81Problems 814. Comfort and Health--Indoor Environmental Quality 864.1 Comfort--Physiological Considerations 874.2 Environmental Comfort Indices 874.3 Comfort Conditions 914.4 The Basic Concerns of IAQ 934.5 Common Contaminants 944.6 Methods to Control Humidity 964.7 Methods to Control Contaminants 98References 116Problems 1165. Heat Transmission in Building Structures 1205.1 Basic Heat-Transfer Modes 1205.2 Tabulated Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients 1395.3 Moisture Transmission 154References 155Problems 1556. Space Heating Load 1596.1 Outdoor Design Conditions 1596.2 Indoor Design Conditions 1606.3 Transmission Heat Losses 1616.4 Infiltration 1616.5 Heat Losses from Air Ducts 1746.6 Auxiliary Heat Sources 1766.7 Intermittently Heated Structures 1766.8 Supply Air for Space Heating 1766.9 Source Media for Space Heating 1776.10 Computer Calculation of Heating Loads 178References 179Problems 1807. Solar Radiation 1827.1 Thermal Radiation 1827.2 The Earth's Motion About the Sun 1857.3 Time 1867.4 Solar Angles 1887.5 Solar Irradiation 1917.6 Heat Gain Through Fenestrations 1987.7 Energy Calculations 213References 214Problems 2148. The Cooling Load 2178.1 Heat Gain, Cooling Load, and Heat Extraction Rate 2178.2 Application of Cooling Load Calculation Procedures 2208.3 Design Conditions 2218.4 Internal Heat Gains 2228.5 Overview of the Heat Balance Method 2268.6 Transient Conduction Heat Transfer 2288.7 Outside Surface Heat Balance--Opaque Surfaces 2328.8 Fenestration--Transmitted Solar Radiation 2388.9 Interior Surface Heat Balance--Opaque Surfaces 2408.10 Surface Heat Balance--Transparent Surfaces 2468.11 Zone Air Heat Balance 2508.12 Implementation of the Heat Balance Method 2558.13 Radiant Time Series Method 2568.14 Implementation of the Radiant Time Series Method 2668.15 Supply Air Quantities 273References 273Problems 2759. Energy Calculations and Building Simulation 2799.1 Degree-Day Procedure 2799.2 Bin Method 2829.3 Comprehensive Simulation Methods 2879.4 Energy Calculation Tools 2939.5 Other Aspects of Building Simulation 294References 294Problems 29710. Flow, Pumps, and Piping Design 29810.1 Fluid Flow Basics 29810.2 Centrifugal Pumps 30910.3 Combined System and Pump Characteristics 31310.4 Piping System Fundamentals 31710.5 System Design 33510.6 Steam Heating Systems 343References 356Problems 35711. Space Air Diffusion 36311.1 Behavior of Jets 36311.2 Air-Distribution System Design 371References 388Problems 38812. Fans and Building Air Distribution 39112.1 Fans 39112.2 Fan Relations 39112.3 Fan Performance and Selection 39612.4 Fan Installation 40312.5 Field Performance Testing 41012.6 Fans and Variable-Air-Volume Systems 41212.7 Air Flow in Ducts 41412.8 Air Flow in Fittings 42112.9 Accessories 43412.10 Duct Design--General 43512.11 Duct Design--Sizing 440References 450Problems 45013. Direct Contact Heat and Mass Transfer 45613.1 Combined Heat and Mass Transfer 45613.2 Spray Chambers 45913.3 Cooling Towers 467References 474Problems 47514. Extended Surface Heat Exchangers 47714.1 The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Method 47814.2 The Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Method 47914.3 Heat Transfer--Single-Component Fluids 48014.4 Transport Coefficients Inside Tubes 48714.5 Transport Coefficients Outside Tubes and Compact Surfaces 49214.6 Design Procedures for Sensible Heat Transfer 49814.7 Combined Heat and Mass Transfer 509References 520Problems 52015. Refrigeration 52415.1 The Performance of Refrigeration Systems 52415.2 The Theoretical Single-Stage Compression Cycle 52615.3 Refrigerants 52915.4 Refrigeration Equipment Components 53515.5 The Real Single-Stage Cycle 54915.6 Absorption Refrigeration 55515.7 The Theoretical Absorption Refrigeration System 56515.8 The Aqua-Ammonia Absorption System 56715.9 The Lithium Bromide-Water System 571References 574Problems 574Appendix A. Thermophysical Properties 577Table A.1a Properties of Refrigerant 718 (Water-Steam)--English Units 578Table A.1b Properties of Refrigerant 718 (Water-Steam)--SI Units 579Table A.2a Properties of Refrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2 Tetrafluoroethane)--English Units 580Table A.2b Properties of Refrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane)--SI Units 582Table A.3a Properties of Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane)--English Units 584Table A.3b Properties of Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane)--SI Units 586Table A.4a Air--English Units 588Table A.4b Air--SI Units 589Appendix B. Weather Data 590Table B.1a Heating and Cooling Design Conditions--United States, Canada, and the World--English Units 591Table B.1b Heating and Cooling Design Conditions--United States, Canada, and World--SI Units 594Table B.2 Annual Bin Weather Data for Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 35 24 N, 97 36 W, 1285 ft Elevation 597Table B.3 Annual Bin Weather Data for Chicago, Illinois, 41 47 N, 87 45 W, 607 ft Elevation 597Table B.4 Annual Bin Weather Data for Denver, Colorado, 39 45 N, 104 52 W, 5283 ft Elevation 598Table B.5 Annual Bin Weather Data for Washington, D.C., 38 51 N, 77 02 W, 14 ft Elevation 598Appendix C. Pipe and Tube Data 599Table C.1 Steel Pipe Dimensions--English and SI Units 600Table C.2 Type L Copper Tube Dimensions--English and SI Units 601Appendix D. Useful Data 602Table D.1 Conversion Factors 603Appendix E. Charts 605Chart 1a ASHRAE psychrometric chart no. 1 (IP) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 606Chart 1b ASHRAE psychrometric chart no. 1 (SI) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 607Chart 1Ha ASHRAE psychrometric chart no. 4 (IP) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 608Chart 1Hb ASHRAE psychrometric chart no. 6 (SI) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 609Chart 2 Enthalpy-concentration diagram for ammonia-water solutions (From Unit Operations by G. G. Brown, Copyright (c) 1951 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) 610Chart 3 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for refrigerant 134a (Reprinted by permission.) 611Chart 4 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for refrigerant 22 (Reprinted by permission.) 612Chart 5 Enthalpy-concentration diagram for Lithium Bromide-water solutions (Courtesy of Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago IL.) 613Chart 6 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Freon(TM) 407C (SI Units). Courtesy of Chemours 614Chart 7 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Freon(TM) 407A (SI Units). Courtesy of Chemours 615Chart 8 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Freon(TM) 410A (SI Units). Courtesy of Chemours 616Index 617

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The late Faye C. McQuiston was Professor Emeritus of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Oklahoma State University.The late Jerald D. Parker was Professor Emeritus at Oklahoma Christian University who also spent 33 years on the faculty at Oklahoma State University.Jeffrey D. Spitler is Regents Professor and OG&E Energy Technology Chair in the School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Oklahoma State University.Hessam Taherian is Assistant Teaching Professor at Penn State Harrisburg.