Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Sustainable Design Strategies Towards Net Zero Architecture

ISBN-13: 9781119585749 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 832 str.

Norbert M. Lechner; Patricia Andrasik

Spis treści

Foreword to The Fifth Edition xiiiEdward MazriaForeword to The First Edition xvJames Marston FitchPreface xviiAcknowledgements xixPart I Fundamentals 11 Background: Architecture In A Warming World 31.1 Introduction 41.2 Indigenous and Vernacular Architecture 51.3 Formal Architecture 61.4 Architecture and Energy 81.5 The Architectural Approach to Low-Energy Design 111.6 Climate and Architecture 141.7 Dynamic Versus Static Buildings 151.8 Form, Color and Ornamentation 151.9 Biophilic Design 181.10 Resilient Design 181.11 Sustainability Codes and Voluntary Programs 201.12 The Moral Imperative 201.13 Conclusion 21Executive Summary 21Resources 222 Climate Change: The Key Sustainability Issue 232.1 Easter Island: Learning From the Past 242.2 Sustainable Design and Climate Change 242.3 Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Regenerate by Design 252.4 The Sustainability Movement 272.5 The Basic Causes of Environmental Problems 282.6 Growth 312.7 Exponential Growth 312.8 The Amoeba Analogy 322.9 Supply Versus Efficiency 332.10 Sustainable-Design Issues 332.11 Embodied Energy 342.12 Climate Change 352.13 The Ozone Hole 372.14 Efficiency Versus Renewable Energy 372.15 Energy Sources 372.16 Energy Use in Ancient Greece 382.17 Nonrenewable Fossil Energy Sources 392.18 Nuclear Energy 402.19 Renewable Energy Sources 412.20 Conclusion 48Executive Summary 49Resources 503 Basic Principles: The Physics Of Heat Flow For Heating And Cooling Buildings 513.1 Introduction 523.2 Heat 523.3 Sensible Heat 523.4 Latent Heat 533.5 Evaporative Cooling 533.6 Convection 543.7 Transport 543.8 Energy-Transfer Mediums 553.9 Radiation 553.10 Greenhouse Effect 573.11 Equilibrium Temperature of a Surface 583.12 Mean Radiant Temperature 593.13 Heat Flow 593.14 Heat Sink 603.15 Heat Capacity 603.16 Thermal Resistance 603.17 Heat-Flow Coefficient 613.18 Time Lag 613.19 Insulating Effect of Mass 623.20 Energy Conversion 633.21 Combined Heat and Power 633.22 Off-Site Versus On-Site Renewable Energy 643.23 The Game Changers: Heat Pumps and Batteries 643.24 Net-Zero Buildings 653.25 Conclusion 65Executive Summary 664 Climate: Its Significant Impact On Buildings 674.1 Introduction 684.2 Climate 684.3 Microclimate 704.4 Climatic Anomalies 734.5 Climate Regions in a Time of Climate Change 744.6 Explanations of the Climatic Data Tables 754.7 Relative Heating and Cooling Loads 804.8 Climatic Data Tables 844.9 Design Strategies 119Executive Summary 125Resources 1265 Psychometrics: Thermal Comfort 1275.1 Biological Machine 1285.2 Thermal Barriers 1295.3 Metabolic Rate 1315.4 Thermal Conditions of the Environment 1315.5 The Psychrometric Chart 1335.6 Dew Point and Wet-Bulb Temperatures 1355.7 Heat Content of Air 1365.8 Thermal Comfort 1385.9 Shifting of the Comfort Zone 1395.10 Adaptive Comfort 1415.11 Clothing and Comfort 1415.12 Strategies 1425.13 Conclusion 142Executive Summary 143Resources 1436 Solar Geometry: The Most Powerful Element Of Design 1456.1 Introduction 1466.2 The Sun 1466.3 Elliptical Orbit 1466.4 Tilt of the Earth's Axis 1476.5 Consequences of the Altitude Angle 1476.6 Winter 1486.7 The Sun Revolves Around the Earth! 1496.8 The Sky Dome 1496.9 Determining Altitude and Azimuth Angles 1506.10 Solar Time 1526.11 Horizontal Sun-Path Diagrams 1526.12 Vertical Sun-Path Diagrams 1546.13 Drawing Sunbeams 1556.14 Sun-Path Models 1596.15 Solar Heat Gain 1606.16 Solar Site-Evaluation tools 1656.17 Heliodons 1656.18 Sundials for Model Testing 1666.19 Conceptually Clear Heliodons 1676.20 Solar Responsive Design Strategies 1686.20 Conclusion 170Executive Summary 170Resources 171Part II Passive Design Strategies 1737 Passive Heating Systems: The Solar Potential Of Natural Heating 1757.1 History 1767.2 Solar in America 1777.3 Solar Hemicycle 1787.4 Latest Rediscovery of Passive Solar 1797.5 Passive Solar 1807.6 Direct-Gain Systems 1817.7 Design Guidelines for Direct-Gain Systems 1837.8 Example 1867.9 Trombe Wall Systems 1867.10 Design Guidelines for Trombe Wall Systems 1907.11 Example 1907.12 Sunspaces 1907.13 Balcomb House 1937.14 Sunspace Design Guidelines 1947.15 Comparison of the Three Main Passive Heating Systems 1957.16 General Considerations for Passive Solar Systems 1967.17 Heat-Storage Materials 2017.18 Other Passive Heating Systems 2037.19 Maximizing Passive Solar 2047.20 Conclusion 204Executive Summary 205Resources 2058 Solar Rejection: Shading and Light Colors 2078.1 Introduction to Solar Rejection 2088.2 History of Shading and Light Colors 2088.3 Shading Myths 2138.4 Shading Basics 2158.5 Fixed Exterior Shading Devices 2178.6 Dynamic (Movable) Shading Devices 2208.7 Shading Periods of the Year 2298.8 Overhangs 2328.9 Design of Horizontal Overhangs: Basic Graphical Method 2338.10 Shading Design Strategies for South Windows 2358.11 Shading Design Strategies for East and West Windows 2368.12 Design of Fins on North Windows 2408.13 Design Guidelines for Eggcrate Shading Devices 2418.14 Special Shading Strategies 2418.15 Shading Outdoor Spaces 2458.16 Using Physical Models for Shading Design 2478.17 Glazing as the Shading Element 2538.18 Interior Shading Devices 2598.19 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient 2608.20 Roof and Wall Reflectivity 2608.21 Conclusion 263Executive Summary 267Resources 2679 Passive Cooling: Natural Cooling, Raising the Comfort Zone, And Heat Avoidance 2699.1 Introduction to Cooling 2709.2 Historical and Indigenous Use of Passive Cooling 2709.3 Passive Cooling Systems 2769.4 Comfort Ventilation Versus Night- Flush Cooling 2779.5 Basic Principles of Airflow 2779.6 Airflow Through Buildings 2819.7 Example of Ventilation Design 2919.8 Comfort Ventilation 2939.9 Night-Flush Cooling 2959.10 Double-Skin Facades and Operable Roofs 2989.11 Radiant Cooling 2999.12 Evaporative Cooling 3049.13 Cool Towers 3079.14 Earth Cooling 3089.15 Dehumidification with a Desiccant 3119.16 Solar Chimney 3119.17 Conclusion 313Executive Summary 313Resources 31310 Site Analysis: Orientation, Landscape and Context In Net-Zero Design 31510.1 Introduction 31610.2 Analysis 31710.3 Site Selection 31910.4 Solar Access 32010.5 Shadow Patterns 32210.6 Site Planning 32610.7 Solar Zoning 32810.8 Physical Models 33210.9 Wind and Site Design 33410.10 Plants and Vegetation 33810.11 Vegetated Roofs 34710.12 Lawns 35010.13 Landscaping 35010.14 Community Design 35610.15 Cooling Our Communities 35810.16 Conclusion 359Executive Summary 360Resources 36011 Light: Color, Vision, and Perception 36311.1 Introduction 36411.2 Light 36511.3 Reflectance/Transmittance 36811.4 Color 36911.5 Vision 37211.6 Perception 37411.7 Performance of a Visual Task 37711.8 Characteristics of the Visual Task 37711.9 Illumination Level 37911.10 Brightness Ratios 38011.11 Glare 38211.12 Equivalent Spherical Illumination 38511.13 Activity Needs 38711.14 Biological Needs 39011.15 Light and Health 39311.16 The Poetry of Light 39311.17 Rules for Lighting Design 39411.18 Career Possibilities 39511.19 Conclusion 395Executive Summary 396Resources 39712 Daylighting: Architectural Control for Natural Beauty, Comfort, and Energy Reduction 39912.1 History of Daylighting 40012.2 Why Daylighting? 40212.3 The Nature of Daylight 40412.4 Conceptual Model 40712.5 Illumination and the Daylight Factor 40812.6 Light Without Heat? 41112.7 Cool Daylight 41112.8 Goals of Daylighting 41312.9 Basic Daylighting Strategies 41412.10 Basic Window Strategies 41712.11 Advanced Window Strategies 42012.12 Window Glazing Materials 42512.13 Top Lighting 42812.14 Skylight Strategies 42912.15 Clerestories, Monitors, and Light Scoops 43312.16 Special Daylighting Techniques 43712.17 Translucent Walls and Roofs 43912.18 Electric Lighting as a Supplement to Daylighting 44312.19 Physical Modeling 44512.20 Guidelines for Daylighting 45012.21 Conclusion 451Executive Summary 451Resources 45213 The Thermal Envelope: Keeping Warm and Staying Cool 45313.1 Introduction 45413.2 Heat Loss 45513.3 Heat Gain 45613.4 Solar Reflectivity (Albedo) 45813.5 Compactness, Exposed Area, and Thermal Planning 45913.6 Insulation Materials 46113.7 The Thermal Envelope 46813.8 Heat Bridges 47313.9 Windows 47413.10 Dynamic Insulation 48013.11 Insulating Effect from Thermal Mass 48313.12 Earth Sheltering 48713.13 Infiltration and Ventilation 49413.14 Water: The Enemy of Architecture 49613.15 Radon 50013.16 Appliances 50013.17 Conclusion 502Executive Summary 502Resources 50314 Retrofits: Energy Efficiency Upgrades for Existing Buildings 50514.1 Introduction 50614.2 Goals for the Energy Upgrade 50614.3 Envelope Upgrades 50614.4 Lighting 50714.5 Mechanical Equipment 50814.6 Hot Water 50814.7 Appliances 50814.8 Renewable Energy 50814.9 Miscellaneous 50814.10 Case Studies 508Executive Summary 51015 Tropical Architecture: Not your Temperate Architecture 51115.1 Introduction 51215.2 Traditional Tropical Architecture 51215.3 The Tropical Climate 51515.4 The Solar Geometry of the Tropics 51715.5 Shading in Tropical Climates 52115.6 Daylighting in the Tropics 52415.7 Passive Cooling 52515.8 Air-Conditioned Buildings in the Tropics 52615.9 Conclusion 528Executive Summary 528Part III Active Design Strategies 52916 Electric Lighting: To Complement Daylight and At Night 53116.1 Introduction 53216.2 History of Light Sources 53216.3 Light Sources 53316.4 Incandescent and Halogen Lamps 53416.5 Discharge Lamps 53516.6 Fluorescent Lamps 53716.7 High-Intensity Discharge Lamps 53916.8 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 54016.9 Comparison of the Major Lighting Sources 54216.10 Luminaires 54216.11 Lenses, Diffusers, and Baffles 54216.12 Lighting Systems 54516.13 Remote-Source Lighting Systems 54816.14 Visualizing Light Distribution 54816.15 Architectural Lighting 54916.16 Outdoor Lighting 55216.17 Emergency Lighting 55316.18 Controls 55416.19 Maintenance 55616.20 Rules for Energy-Efficient Electric Lighting Design 55616.21 Laws and Standards 55716.22 Conclusion 557Executive Summary 557Resources 55717 Photovoltaics And Solar Thermal 55917.1 Introduction 56017.2 The Almost Ideal Energy Source 56017.3 History of PV 56117.4 The PV Cell 56117.5 Types of PV Systems 56217.6 Balance of System Equipment 56317.7 Site-Integrated Photovoltaics 56417.8 Glazing and PV 56917.9 Orientation and Tilt 56917.10 Design Guidelines 57117.11 The Promise of PV 57117.12 Sizing A PV System 57217.13 The Cost-Effectiveness of PV Versus Solar Thermal Applications 57317.14 Solar Thermal Basics 57417.15 Solar Thermal Swimming-Pool Heating 57417.16 Solar Hot-Water Systems 57517.17 Passive Solar Thermal Systems 57717.18 Solar Hot-Air Collectors 57917.19 Preheating of Ventilation Air 57917.20 Designing a Solar Thermal System 58217.21 The Future of Solar Thermal 58317.22 Conclusion 585Executive Summary 586Resources 58718 Mechanical Equipment for Heating and Cooling 58918.1 Introduction 59018.2 Heating 59018.3 Thermal Zones 59218.4 Heating Systems 59318.5 Electric Heating 59418.6 Hot-Water (Hydronic) Heating 59518.7 Hot-Air Systems 59718.8 Cooling 59918.9 Refrigeration Cycles 60218.10 Heat Pumps 60418.11 Geo-Exchange 60518.12 Cooling Systems 60618.13 Air-Conditioning for Small Buildings 60918.14 Air-Conditioning for Large Multistory Buildings 61418.15 Design Guidelines for Mechanical Systems 62618.16 Air Supply (Ducts and Diffusers) 62718.17 Ventilation 63118.18 Energy-Efficient Ventilation Systems 63318.19 Air Filtration and Odor Removal 63618.20 Special Systems 63618.21 Integrated and Exposed Mechanical Equipment 63818.22 Low-Energy Heating and Cooling 63918.23 Conclusion 639Executive Summary 640Resources 641Part IV Integrated Design 64319 Synergies: When the Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of the Parts 64519.1 Introduction 64619.2 Strategies 64619.3 Synergies 65019.4 Case Studies 65119.5 Conclusion 657Executive Summary 65720 Integrated Design Process 65920.1 Introduction 66020.2 Definition 66020.3 Differences 66020.4 Coordination 66020.5 Documentation 66220.6 Conclusion 668Executive Summary 668Part V Tools 66921 Codes 67121.1 Introduction 67221.2 Sustainability Codes 67221.3 History 67321.4 Current Model Codes 67321.5 Reference Standards 67521.6 Government Initiatives 67521.7 Non-Governmental Initiatives 67621.8 Conclusion 678Executive Summary 67822 Checklist for Designing Net-Zero Buildings 67922.1 Introduction 68022.2 Site Selection 68022.3 Form 68022.4 Plan 68022.5 Windows 68022.6 Daylighting 68122.7 Shading 68122.8 Color 68222.9 Thermal Envelope 68222.10 Thermal Mass 68222.11 Glazing 68222.12 Air Barrier 68322.13 Passive Systems 68322.14 Electric Lighting 68322.15 Mechanical Equipment 68422.16 Behavioral Controls 68422.17 Renewable Technology 68423 Assessment 68523.1 Introduction 68623.2 Global Rating Systems 68623.3 Process 68823.4 Conclusion 688Executive Summary 68824 Digital 69124.1 Introduction 69224.2 Building Performance Analytics 69224.3 Methodology 69224.4 Challenges 69324.5 Conclusion 695Executive Summary 695Appendix A Horizontal Sun-Path Diagrams 699Steps for Converting Sun-Path Charts for Use in the Southern Hemisphere 699Appendix B Vertical Sun-Path Diagrams 711Steps for Converting Sun-Path Charts for Use in the Southern Hemisphere 711Appendix C Solar Altitude And Azimuth Angles 723Appendix D Methods for Estimating the Height of Trees, Buildings, and the Like 729D.1 Proportional-Shadow Method 729D.2 Similar-Triangle Method 729D.3 45° Right-Triangle Method 730D.4 Trigonometric Method 730D.5 Tools for Measuring Vertical Angles 730Appendix E Sundials 733Appendix F Sun-Path Models 743F.1 Introduction 743F.2 Directions for Constructing a Sun-Path Model 743Appendix G The Water Table For Ventilation Studies 755G.1 Introduction 755G.2 Construction of a Water Table 755Appendix H Site Evaluation Tools 757H.1 Introduction 757H.2 The Solar Pathfinder 757H.3 The Suneye 757H.4 The Sun Locator 758H.5 Do-It-Yourself Solar Site Evaluator 758Appendix I Heliodons 765I.1 Introduction 765I.2 The Sun Simulator Heliodon 765I.3 The Sun Emulator Heliodon 765I.4 The Tabletop Heliodon 766I.5 The Bowling Ball Heliodon 769Appendix J Tables Of R-Values 771Appendix K Resources 775K.1 Journals 775K.2 Videos 775K.3 Organizations 775K.4 Web-Based Resources 776Appendix L Conversion Factors between the Inch-Pound (I-P) System and the International System of Units (Si) 777Appendix M Appendix M: Sizing A Pv Array 781M.1 Finding the PV Array Size for a Stand-Alone Building by the Short Calculation Method 781M.2 Example 782M.3 Design Guidelines 782Bibliography 785Index 791

O autorze

NORBERT LECHNER, LEED AP (Chapel Hill, NC) Architect and Professor Emeritus of Architecture in the Building Science Department at Auburn University, is an expert in energy responsive architectural design with an emphasis on solar responsive design, including daylighting. He is a consultant for designing sustainable, low energy, and solar responsive buildings, and is the inventor of new types of heliodons that are invaluable for teaching and designing solar responsive buildings.PATRICIA ANDRASIK, NCARB, AIA, IIDA, LEED BD+C, LEED O+M (Washington, D.C.) Associate Dean for Undergraduate Studies and Assistant Professor in the School of Architecture and Planning at The Catholic University of America, is a licensed architect in Washington, D.C. and is internationally recognized for her research in informing design through performance metrics and using performance metrics to inform O&M.