Handbook of Water Harvesting and Conservation: Basic Concepts and Fundamentals

ISBN-13: 9781119478959 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 528 str.

Saeid Eslamian

Spis treści

List of Contributors xxiAbout the Editors xxviiPart A Concepts and Standards for a Secure Water Harvesting 11 Concept and Technology of Rainwater Harvesting 3Fayez Abdulla, Cealeen Abdulla, and Saeid Eslamian1.1 Introduction 31.2 Concept of Rainwater Harvesting 41.3 Technologies of Rainwater Harvesting 51.3.1 Micro-Catchment Systems 61.3.1.1 Rooftop System 61.3.1.2 On-Farm Systems 71.3.2 Macro-Catchment Systems 71.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Rainwater Harvesting 81.4.1 Advantages of Roof Rainwater Harvesting (RRWH) 81.4.2 Disadvantages of RRWH 101.5 Feasibility of Rainwater Harvesting across Different Climatic Zones 101.5.1 Physical Feasibility 101.5.2 Technical Aspects 101.5.3 Social Aspects 111.5.4 Financial Aspects 111.6 Roof Rainwater Harvesting System Components 111.6.1 Catchment Area 111.6.2 Conveyance System 121.6.3 Storage Tank 121.6.4 First Flush 131.7 Calculation of Potential HarvestedWater 131.8 Water Quality and its Health and Environmental Impacts 141.9 System Operation and Maintenance 141.10 Conclusion 15References 152 Rainwater Harvesting: Recent Developments and Contemporary Measures 17Aline Pires Veról, Marcelo Gomes Miguez, Elaine Garrido Vazquez, Fernanda Rocha Thomaz, Bruna Peres Battemarco, and Assed Naked Haddad2.1 Introduction 172.2 Water Resource Management 182.2.1 Water Supply 192.2.2 Water Demands 192.2.3 Water Scarcity 192.2.4 Regulatory Framework 212.2.5 Recent Developments 212.2.5.1 Water-Energy Nexus 222.2.5.2 Net-Zero Water Buildings 242.3 Water Management at the Building Scale 252.3.1 Design of a Rainwater Harvesting System 262.3.1.1 Collection Surface (or Roof Surface) 262.3.1.2 Gutters and Pipes 262.3.1.3 Storage Tanks (Reservoirs) 272.3.1.4 Rainwater Treatment Systems 322.3.1.5 Rainwater Pumping Station 332.3.1.6 Water Supply System (Water Pipes) 332.3.2 Source Control Systems 332.4 Analysis of Payback of Rainwater Harvesting Systems 342.5 Conclusion 35Acknowledgment 35References 363 Standards for Rainwater Catchment Design 39Sisuru Sendanayake and Saeid Eslamian3.1 Introduction 393.2 Catchment Surface 403.2.1 Collection Efficiency 413.2.2 Pollutants on the Catchment Surface 413.3 Conveyance System 423.3.1 Filtering Devices in RWH Systems 433.4 Storage Tank 443.4.1 Sizing of the Storage Tank 443.4.1.1 General Methods of Determining the Tank Capacities of RTRWHS 443.4.1.2 Sizing Based on Supply (Mass Balance Method or Rainfall Mass Curve Analysis) 443.4.1.3 Sizing Based on Computer Models 453.4.1.4 Sizing Based on Design Charts 453.4.2 Advanced Methods of Determining Optimum Tank Capacities of RTRWH Systems 453.4.2.1 Critical Period Model 453.4.2.2 Moran Model 453.4.2.3 Behavioral Models 453.4.3 Investigating the Performance of RTRWH System Using the Behavioral Model 453.4.3.1 Yield after Spillage (YAS) Operating Model 463.4.3.2 Predicting the Performance of the RTRWH System Using the Behavioral Model 463.4.3.3 Generic Curves for System Performance of a RTRWH System 473.4.3.4 Sample Calculation for Sizing Storage of a RWH System 483.4.3.5 Use of Reference Maps to Find the Effective Combinations of Roof Area and Storage Capacity 493.4.4 Positioning of the Storage Tank 493.4.5 Cascading Multi Tank Model 513.4.6 Tank Materials and Life Cycle Energy (LCE) of Tanks 533.5 Pre-treatment of Roof Collection 533.6 Distribution System and Related Regulations 543.7 Conclusion 54References 554 Water Security Using Rainwater Harvesting 57Adebayo Eludoyin, Oyenike Eludoyin, Tanimola Martins, Mayowa Oyinloye, and Saeid Eslamian4.1 Introduction 574.2 Concept of Rainwater Harvesting 574.3 Rainwater Collection Systems 584.4 Rainwater Storage 614.5 Importance of Rainwater Harvesting 614.6 Quality Assessment of Harvested Rainwater 644.7 Problems Associated with Rainwater Harvesting 644.8 Conclusion 65References 65Part B Water Harvesting Resources 695 Single-Family Home and Building Rainwater Harvesting Systems 71Duygu Erten5.1 Introduction 715.2 Historical Development of RWH and Utilization 715.3 Pros and Cons of RWH Systems 725.3.1 Economics of RWH 735.3.2 Cisterns as Flood Mitigation/Control Systems 745.3.3 Types of RWH Systems 745.3.4 Water Harvesting:Water Collection Source 745.3.5 RWH System: System Components 745.3.6 Rooftop Material 755.3.7 RoofWashers 755.3.8 Maintenance 755.3.9 Smart Rainwater Systems 765.3.10 RWH Systems with Solar Electric Pump 775.3.11 Water Harvesting from Air 775.4 Current Practices Around theWorld 785.5 Health Risks of Roof-Collected Rainwater 785.6 Guides, Policy, and Incentives 795.7 Green Building Certification Systems and RWH 825.7.1 Code for Sustainable Homes/BREEAM Support/Points Awarded 845.8 Conclusion 84References 856 Water Harvesting in Farmlands 87Elena Bresci and Giulio Castelli6.1 Introduction 876.2 Water Harvesting: Definitions 876.3 Floodwater Harvesting in Farmlands 886.3.1 Case Study: Spate Irrigation Systems in Raya Valley 906.3.1.1 Modernization of Spate Irrigation in Raya Valley 906.3.1.2 Water Rights and Regulation of Raya Valley Spate Irrigation Systems 916.4 Macro-CatchmentWater Harvesting in Farmlands 916.4.1 Case Study: Sand Dams in Kenya 916.4.1.1 GIS and Local Knowledge for Selecting Best Sites for Sand Dam Constructions in Kenya 926.5 Micro-CatchmentWater Harvesting in Farmlands 946.5.1 Case Study: Multiple Micro Catchment Systems in Ethiopia 946.6 RooftopWater Harvesting in Farmlands 956.6.1 Case Study: RooftopWater Harvesting in Guatemala 956.7 Water Harvesting and Fertilization 966.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 96References 977 Rainwater Harvesting for Livestock 101Billy Kniffen7.1 Introduction 1017.2 Rainfall Harvesting on the Land 1017.3 AnimalWater Requirements 1027.4 Harvested Rainfall as a Source for Livestock 1037.5 Requirements for Harvesting Rainwater for Livestock 1047.6 Distribution ofWater for Livestock 1077.7 Rainwater System Maintenance 1077.8 Conclusion 107References 1088 Road Water Harvesting 109Negin Sadeghi and Saeid Eslamian8.1 Introduction 1098.2 Water Harvesting Systems and Their Characteristics 1108.2.1 Rainwater Harvest System 1118.2.2 Necessity and Advantages of WHS 1138.2.3 Types ofWater Harvesting Systems 1138.3 RoadWater Harvesting 1138.3.1 Rolling Dips 1178.3.2 Water Bars 1178.3.3 Side Drains 1188.3.4 Miter 1188.3.5 Culverts 1188.3.6 Gully Prevention and Reclamation 1188.3.6.1 Terrain 1198.3.6.2 Climate 1198.3.6.3 Soils 1198.3.7 Inclusive Planning/Water-Friendly Road Design 1208.3.8 Road WHS and Planting 1228.3.8.1 Site Selection 1238.4 Conclusion 123References 124Part C Hydroinformatic and Water Harvesting 1279 Application of RS and GIS for Locating Rainwater Harvesting Structure Systems 129Dhruvesh Patel, Dipak R. Samal, Cristina Prieto, and Saeid Eslamian9.1 Introduction 1299.2 Experimental Site 1319.3 Methodology 1319.3.1 Drainage Network 1319.3.2 Digital Elevation Model and Slope 1319.3.3 Soil Map 1319.3.4 Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) 1329.3.5 Morphometric Analysis 1339.3.6 Decision Rules for Site Selection ofWater Harvesting Structures 1339.4 Results and Discussions 1379.4.1 Basic Parameters 1379.4.1.1 Area (A) and Perimeter (P) 1379.4.1.2 Total Length of Streams (L) 1379.4.1.3 Stream Order (u) 1379.4.1.4 Basin Length (Lb) 1379.4.2 Linear Parameters 1389.4.2.1 Bifurcation Ration (Rb) 1389.4.2.2 Drainage Density (Dd) 1399.4.2.3 Stream Frequency (Fu) 1399.4.2.4 Texture Ratio (T) 1399.4.2.5 Length of Overland Flow (Lo) 1399.4.3 Shape Parameters 1399.4.3.1 Form Factor (Rf) 1399.4.3.2 Shape Factor (Bs) 1409.4.3.3 Elongation Ratio (Re) 1409.4.3.4 Compactness Coefficient (Cc) 1409.4.3.5 Circularity Ratio (Rc) 1409.4.4 Compound Factor and Ranking 1409.4.5 Positioning a Water Harvesting Structure 1409.5 Conclusion 141References 14210 Information Technology in Water Harvesting 145S. Sreenath Kashyap, M.V.V. Prasad Kantipudi, Saeid Eslamian, Maryam Ghashghaie, Nicolas R. Dalezios, Ioannis Faraslis, and Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari10.1 Introduction 14510.2 Water Harvesting Methods 14510.2.1 Basin Method 14510.2.2 Stream Channel Method 14510.2.3 Ditch and Furrow Method 14510.2.4 Flooding Method 14610.2.5 Irrigation Method 14610.2.6 Pit Method 14610.2.7 RechargeWell Method 14710.3 The Internet of Things (IoT) 14710.3.1 Applications of the IoT inWater Harvesting 14710.3.1.1 Estimation of the Soil Moisture Content 14710.3.1.2 Determining the Quality of Groundwater 14710.3.1.3 Rate of Infiltration in the Soil 14810.3.1.4 Delineation of Aquifer Boundaries and Estimation of Storability of Aquifer 14810.3.1.5 Depth of Aquifer from the Surface of the Earth 14810.3.1.6 Identification of Sites for Artificial Recharge Structures 14810.4 Assessing the Available Subsurface Resources Using the IoT 14810.5 The IoT Devices for Efficient Agricultural/Irrigation Usage 15010.6 Conclusions 151References 15111 Global Satellite-Based Precipitation Products 153Zhong Liu, Dana Ostrenga, Andrey Savtchenko, William Teng, Bruce Vollmer, Jennifer Wei, and David Meyer11.1 Introduction 15311.2 Precipitation Measurements from Space 15411.3 Overview of NASA Satellite-Based Global Precipitation Products and Ancillary Products at GES DISC 15511.3.1 TRMM and GPM Missions 15511.3.2 Multi-Satellite and Multi-Sensor Merged Global Precipitation Products 15611.3.3 Global and Regional Land Data Assimilation Products 15711.3.4 Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) Products 15811.3.5 Ancillary Products at GES DISC 15811.4 Data Services 15911.4.1 Point-and-Click Online Tools 15911.4.2 Data Rod Services 16011.4.3 Subsetting and Format Conversion Services 16111.4.4 OtherWeb Data Services and Information 16111.5 Examples 16311.5.1 Maps of Seasonal Averages of Precipitation 16311.5.2 Time Series Analysis of Precipitation inWatersheds 16411.5.3 Changes in Precipitation Patterns 16511.6 Conclusion 171Acknowledgments 172References 17212 Risk Analysis of Water Harvesting Systems 177Maria Do Céu Almeida, Nelson Carriço, João Santos and Saeid Eslamian12.1 Introduction 17712.2 Concepts and Terminology 17712.3 General Approaches to Risk Management Applicable to RWHS 17712.4 Supporting Risk Management for RWHS 18112.5 Hazards and Exposure Modes 18212.6 Rainwater Collection Reliability asWater Source 18312.7 Specific Risk Treatment Actions 18512.8 Process Control and Monitoring 18612.9 Conclusion 187References 187Part D Hydrological Aspects of Water Harvesting 19113 Return Period Determination for Rainwater Harvesting System Design 193Sandeep Samantaray, Dillip K. Ghose, and Saeid Eslamian13.1 Introduction 19313.2 Study Area 19413.2.1 Water Level Fluctuation 19513.3 Overview of Rainwater Harvesting 19713.3.1 Different Types ofWater Harvesting Techniques 19713.3.1.1 RooftopWater Harvesting (RTWH) 19713.3.1.2 Micro-Catchment System of Rainwater Harvesting (MiCSRWH) 19713.3.1.3 Macro-Catchment System of Rainwater Harvesting (MaCSRWH) 19713.3.1.4 Floodwater Harvesting (FWH) 19713.3.1.5 Storage Structure Systems 19713.3.1.6 Spreading ofWater 19813.4 Methodology 19813.4.1 Evaluation of Return Period 19813.4.2 Design ofWater Harvesting Structures 19813.4.2.1 Design Approach 19813.4.2.2 Estimation of Runoff Rate 19813.4.2.3 Estimation of Runoff Volume 19813.4.2.4 Runoff Coefficients 19913.4.2.5 Normal Distribution Method 19913.4.2.6 Gumbel Distribution Method 19913.4.2.7 Extreme Value Type-I Distribution 20013.4.2.8 Log Pearson Type-III Distribution 20013.5 Results and Discussions 20113.6 Conclusions 203References 20314 Rainwater Harvesting Impact on Urban Groundwater 207A. Jebamalar, R. Sudharsanan, G. Ravikumar, and Saeid Eslamian14.1 Introduction 20714.2 State of the Art 20814.3 Study Area and Data Collection 20914.4 Methodology 21314.5 Temporal Analysis of Groundwater Level 21414.6 Spatial Analysis of Groundwater Table 21514.7 Impact of RWH on Groundwater Recharge 21514.8 Model Simulations for Impact of RWH Systems 21714.9 Model Predictions for the Future 21814.10 Conclusion 222Acknowledgement 223References 22315 Effects of Water Harvesting Techniques on Sedimentation 225Siavash Fasihi, and Saeid Eslamian15.1 Introduction 22515.1.1 How to Incorporate WHTs in Models 22615.2 Qualitative Effects and Data Collection 22615.2.1 Measurements and Data Input 22715.3 Sedimentation in Small Check Dams 22815.4 Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) 22915.4.1 Abilities and Limitations of RUSLE 23415.5 Limburg Soil Erosion Model (LISEM) 23515.5.1 Model Implementation 23515.5.2 Calibration and Modification of p-Factor 23615.5.3 Assessing Effects ofWHTs on Sedimentation Using LISEM 23715.6 Conclusion 238References 238Part E Hydrometeorological Water Harvesting 24316 Principles and Applications of Atmospheric Water Harvesting 245Mousa Maleki, Saeid Eslamian, and Boutaghane Hamouda16.1 Introduction 24516.1.1 UnconventionalWater Resources 24516.2 AtmosphericWater Harvesting Necessity 24516.3 Methods of AtmosphericWater Harvesting 24616.3.1 Vapor Condensing 24616.3.2 Active Cooling of the Ambient Air 24716.3.3 Fog Harvesting - Age-Old Practices that StillWork 24716.4 Energy Requirements of AMH andWater Production Costs 24716.5 Atmospheric Vapor Harvesting Systems 24816.5.1 Water Harvesting from Air with Metal-Organic Frameworks Powered by Natural Sunlight 24816.5.2 Atmospheric Vapor Harvesting Adsorption Materials 25116.5.3 Applications of Superhydrophilic and Superhydrophobic Materials 25216.5.4 Vapor Compression Refrigerating System 25216.5.4.1 Water Generation System 25216.5.4.2 Operation ofWater Generation Systems 25316.5.4.3 Water Treatment System 25316.5.4.4 Water Formation in a Humid Atmosphere 25416.5.4.5 Computations and Estimations 25416.5.4.6 Cooling Condensation Process 25416.5.4.7 Compressor 25516.5.4.8 Dew Point 25516.5.4.9 Relative Humidity 25516.5.4.10 Comparison Between Various Compression Systems 25516.6 Conclusion 256References 25717 Dew Harvesting on High Emissive Natural and Artificial Passive Surfaces 261Jose Francisco Maestre-Valero, Bernardo Martin-Gorriz, Victoriano Martínez-Alvarez, and Saeid Eslamian17.1 Introduction 26117.2 Passive Surfaces for the Case Studies 26217.2.1 Optical Properties 26217.2.2 Passive Radiative Condensers and Foils 26317.2.3 Experimental Pan 26317.2.4 Agricultural Pond 26317.3 Data Collection 26417.3.1 Climate Measurements 26417.3.2 Dew Measurements 26417.3.2.1 RDCs 26417.3.2.2 Experimental Pan 26417.3.2.3 Agricultural Pond 26517.3.3 Statistical Analysis 26517.4 Case Studies for Dew Collection 26517.4.1 Dew Collection on Passive Radiative Condensers 26517.4.2 Dew Collection on the Experimental Pan 26617.4.3 Dew Collection on an Agricultural Pond 26717.5 Dew Modeling 26717.5.1 Correlation with Climatic Variables 26717.5.2 Mass Transfer Equation 26817.6 Conclusion 270Acknowledgments 271References 27118 Atmospheric Water Harvesting Using Waste Energy from Landfills and Oilfields 273Enakshi Wikramanayake, Onur Ozkan, Aritra Kar, and Vaibhav Bahadur18.1 Introduction 27318.2 Refrigeration-Based AtmosphericWater Harvesting Systems 27518.3 ModelingWaste Natural Gas-Based AtmosphericWater Harvesting 27618.4 Landfill Gas-Based AtmosphericWater Harvesting 27718.4.1 Modeling LFG-Based AWH in the Barnett Shale 27718.4.2 Benefits of LFG-Based AWH for the Barnett Shale 27818.4.3 Techno-Economic Analysis of LFG-Powered AWH 27918.4.4 Environmental Benefits of LFG-Powered AWH 28218.5 Oilfield Gas-Based AtmosphericWater Harvesting 28318.6 Sensitivity of theWater Harvest to Various Parameters 28418.7 Comparison of AWH to Other Techniques for ProducingWater 28518.8 Perspectives on AtmosphericWater Harvesting 28518.9 Conclusions 286Acknowledgements 286References 286Part F Environmental Aspects of Water Harvesting 28919 Treatment Techniques in Water Harvesting 291Brandon Reyneke, Monique Waso, Thando Ndlovu, Tanya Clements, Sehaam Khan, and Wesaal Khan19.1 Introduction 29119.2 Pretreatment of Harvested Rainwater: Prevention of Debris Entry and Sedimentation 29219.3 Chemical Disinfection 29319.3.1 Chlorination 29319.3.2 Non-Chlorine Disinfectants 29419.4 Physical Disinfection 29519.4.1 Filtration Techniques 29519.4.2 SODIS/UV Treatment 29619.4.3 Thermal Disinfection 29719.5 Biological Treatment 29819.5.1 Slow-Sand and Granular Activated Carbon Filters 29819.5.2 Coagulation and Bioflocculants 29919.5.3 Bacteriophages and Bacteriophage Proteins 30019.6 Conclusion 300References 30120 Water Recycling from Palm Oil Mill Effluent 307Hossein Farraji, Irvan Dahlan, and Saeid Eslamian20.1 Introduction 30720.2 Problem Statement 30720.3 Palm Oil Production 30820.4 POME as an Agro-IndustryWastewater 30820.5 Characteristics of POME 30820.5.1 Total Suspended Solids 31020.5.1.1 Volatile Suspended Solids 31020.5.2 Biological Oxygen Demand 31020.5.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand 31120.5.4 Color 31120.5.5 Biodegradability of POME 31120.6 POME Treatment Methods 31220.6.1 Commercial Treatment Method 31220.6.2 Non-Commercial Treatment Method 31220.7 Water Recycling by Membrane Technique 31320.7.1 Benefits and Drawbacks of Membrane Treatment Method for POME 31420.8 Application of the SBR in POME Treatment 31420.8.1 Factors Affecting the SBR System 31520.8.2 Microbial Augmentation for POME 31520.9 Discussions 31620.10 Conclusion 316References 316Part G Green Water Harvesting 32121 Vegetation Advantages for Water and Soil Conservation 323Hadis Salehi Gahrizsangi, Saeid Eslamian, Nicolas R. Dalezios, Anna Blanta, and Mohadaseh Madadi21.1 Introduction 32321.2 Background 32321.2.1 Soil Erosion Concepts 32321.2.2 Water-Induced Erosion 32421.2.3 Water-Induced Erosion in the Slope and Agricultural Farms 32521.2.4 Soil andWater Conservation by Crop Management 32621.2.5 Conservation by Vetiver Grass 32821.3 Vegetation Advantage for Soil andWater Conservation in Artificial Plots 32921.3.1 Soil Erosion in Malaysia 32921.3.2 Soil andWater Conservation in Malaysia 33121.3.3 Case Study: Application of Vetiver Grass for Soil andWater Conservation in Artificial Plots 33121.4 Conclusions 334References 33522 Water Harvesting in Forests: An Important Step in Water-Food-Energy Nexus 337Rina Kumari and Saeid Eslamian22.1 Introduction 33722.2 GlobalWater Scarcity 33722.3 Change in Land Use-Land Cover and its Impact on Forest andWater Resources 33922.4 Forest Hydrology 33922.4.1 Hydrologic Processes in Forest 33922.4.2 Effects of Forest Structure on Hydrological Processes 34022.4.2.1 Stemflow 34022.4.2.2 Litterfall 34122.4.3 Preconditions for Rainwater Infiltration 34122.4.3.1 Vegetative Cover 34222.4.3.2 Soil Type 34222.4.4 Groundwater Conditions 34222.4.5 Dimensions of Hydrological Services Governed by Forest 34222.4.5.1 Water Quantity and Forests 34222.4.5.2 Water Quality and Forests 34222.4.5.3 Evapotranspiration, Precipitation, andWater Loss 34222.4.5.4 Erosion/Sediment Control and Forests 34322.4.5.5 Forests and Flood Control, Drought, and Fire Risks 34322.4.5.6 Forests and Groundwater 34322.4.5.7 Forests and Their Effect on Rainfall 34322.4.5.8 Forests and Riparian Management 34322.5 Rainwater Harvesting in Forests 34322.5.1 Definition and Typology of Rainwater Harvesting Systems 34322.6 Deforestation and its Impact 34522.7 Forest Management andWatershed Development 34622.8 Knowledge Gaps 34722.9 Forests andWater in International Agreements 34822.10 Role of Geospatial Technologies 34822.11 Managing the Climate-Water-Forest Nexus for Sustainable Development 34922.12 Case Studies 35022.12.1 CombatingWater Scarcity in Latin America 35022.12.2 Amazon River 35022.12.3 Case Study of Southeast Asia 35022.13 Conclusions 350References 35123 Rainwater and Green Roofs 355Sara Nazif, Seyed Ghasem Razavi, Pouria Soleimani, and Saeid Eslamian23.1 Introduction 35523.2 Green Roof Components 35523.2.1 Vegetation 35623.2.2 Growth Substrate 35723.2.3 Filter Layer 35723.2.4 Drainage Layer 35823.2.5 Root Barrier 35823.2.6 Waterproof Layer 35823.2.7 Insulation Layer 35823.2.8 Protection Layer 35823.3 Green Roof Types 35823.4 Green Roof Irrigation 35923.5 Green Roof Standards 35923.6 Green Roofs for Rainwater Collection and Storage 36023.6.1 Hydrologic Modeling of Green Roof Performance 36023.6.2 Green Roof Rainwater Retention Potential 36223.6.3 Green Roof Characteristics and Rainwater Retention Potential 36223.7 Green Roof Effect on Runoff Quality 36323.8 Other Functions of Green Roofs 36423.8.1 Improving Energy Usage Efficiency 36523.8.2 Air Pollution Reduction 36523.8.3 Human Feelings 36623.8.4 Green Roof Effect on Urban Heat Island 36623.8.5 Interior Noise Pollution Reduction 36723.9 Cost and Benefit Analysis of Green Roofs 36723.10 Conclusion 369References 36924 Green Landscaping and Plant Production with Water Harvesting Solutions 373Saeid Eslamian, Saeideh Parvizi, and Sayed Salman Ghaziaskar24.1 Introduction 37324.2 Water Harvesting 37424.3 Rainwater Harvesting 37424.3.1 Rainwater Harvesting in the Past 37424.3.2 Modern Rainwater Harvesting 37524.4 The Goals and Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting 37624.5 Impact of RWHR on Infiltration and Surface Runoff Processes 37624.5.1 Groundwater Recharge 37624.5.2 Surface Runoff Estimation 37624.6 Climate Change and RWH 37624.7 Landscape Functions and RWH 37724.8 Hydrological Functions and RWH 37724.8.1 Infiltration 37724.8.2 Groundwater Recharge 37724.8.3 Water Competition 37824.9 Soil Fertility and Biomass Production 37824.9.1 Soil Fertility 37824.9.2 Crop Yields and Biomass Production 37824.9.3 Biodiversity Conservation 37824.9.3.1 Changes in Floral Diversity 37824.9.3.2 Changes in Structural Heterogeneity/Patchiness 37824.9.3.3 Changes in Animal Diversity 37924.9.4 Sustainable Livelihoods 37924.9.4.1 Food Security 37924.9.4.2 Conflicts ConcerningWater Resources 37924.9.4.3 Income/Social Balance 37924.10 Discussions 38024.11 Conclusions 381References 381Part H Reliable Rainwater Harvesting and Storage Systems 38525 Comparing Rainwater Storage Options 387Sara Nazif, Hamed Tavakolifar, Hossein Abbasizadeh, and Saeid Eslamian25.1 Introduction 38725.2 History of Rainwater Harvesting 38725.3 Benefits of Rainwater Storage 38825.4 Main Rainwater Storage Options 38925.4.1 Surface Runoff Harvesting 38925.4.1.1 Surface Runoff Harvesting Using Surface and Underground Structures 38925.4.1.2 Surface Runoff Harvesting Using Paved and Unpaved Roads 39025.4.2 Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting 39025.4.2.1 Components of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting 39025.4.2.2 The Usage of HarvestedWater 39425.4.3 Rainwater Harvesting In Situ 39425.4.3.1 Use of Topographic Depressions as Rainfall Harvesting Areas 39425.4.3.2 Use of Furrows as Rainwater Storage Areas 39525.5 Comparing Rainwater Storage Options 39525.6 Conclusion 398References 39826 Rainwater Harvesting Storage-Yield-Reliability Relationships 401John Ndiritu26.1 Introduction 40126.2 The Rainwater Harvesting Storage-Yield-Reliability Problem 40126.3 Modeling Storage-Yield-Reliability Relationships 40226.3.1 Modeling Approaches and Methods 40226.3.2 Behavior Analysis (Continuous Simulation) Method 40526.3.3 Sequent Peak Algorithm and Rippl's Method 40726.3.4 Generalized Storage-Yield-Reliability Relationships 40926.4 Key Considerations 41126.4.1 How is the Adequacy of the Rainfall Time Series Assessed? 41126.4.2 What Modeling Methods are Best Suited for Use? 41126.4.3 When is It Essential to Apply Statistically-Based Reliability? How is this Done? 41226.4.4 When Do Generalized Storage-Yield-Reliability Relationships Need to Be Used? 41226.5 Conclusions 412References 41327 Towards Developing Generalized Equations for Calculating Potential Rainwater Savings 417Monzur A. Imteaz, Muhammad Moniruzzaman and, Abdullah Yilmaz27.1 Introduction 41727.2 State of the Art 41827.3 Methodology 41927.4 Study Area and Data 42027.5 Results 42127.6 Conclusions 423Acknowledgement 424References 424Part I Sustainable Water Harvesting and Conservation in a Changing Climate 42728 Water Harvesting, Climate Change, and Variability 429Jew Das, Manish Kumar Goyal, and N.V. Umamahesh28.1 Introduction 42928.2 Water Harvesting 43128.2.1 Trans-Himalayan Region 43128.2.1.1 Zing 43128.2.2 Western Himalaya 43228.2.2.1 Kul 43228.2.2.2 Naula 43228.2.2.3 Khatri 43228.2.3 Eastern Himalaya 43228.2.3.1 Apatani 43228.2.4 North Eastern Hill Ranges 43228.2.4.1 Zabo 43228.2.4.2 Bamboo Drip Irrigation 43228.2.5 Brahmaputra Valley 43328.2.5.1 Dongs 43328.2.5.2 Dungs 43328.2.6 Indo-Gangetic Plains 43328.2.6.1 Ahar and Pynes 43328.2.6.2 Bengal's Inundation Channel 43328.2.6.3 Dighis 43328.2.6.4 Baolis 43328.2.7 Thar Desert 43328.2.7.1 Kunds 43328.2.7.2 Kuis/Beris 43328.2.7.3 Baoris/Bers 43328.2.7.4 Jhalaras 43428.2.7.5 Nadis 43428.2.7.6 Tobas 43428.2.7.7 Tankas 43428.2.7.8 Khadin 43428.2.7.9 Virdas 43428.2.7.10 Paar System 43428.2.8 Central Highlands 43428.2.8.1 Talab 43428.2.8.2 Saza Kuva 43428.2.8.3 Johad 43428.2.8.4 Naada/Bandha 43428.2.8.5 Pat 43428.2.8.6 Repat 43428.2.8.7 Chandela Tank 43528.2.8.8 Bundela Tank 43528.2.9 Eastern Highlands 43528.2.9.1 Katas /Mundas/Bandhas 43528.2.10 Deccan Plateau 43528.2.10.1 Cheruvu 43528.2.10.2 Kohli Tanks 43528.2.10.3 Bhanadaras 43528.2.10.4 Phad 43528.2.10.5 Kere 43528.2.10.6 The Ramtek Model 43528.2.11 Western Ghats 43528.2.11.1 Surangam 43528.2.12 Western Coastal Plains 43528.2.12.1 Virdas 43528.2.13 Eastern Ghats 43528.2.13.1 Korambus 43528.2.14 Eastern Coastal Plains 43528.2.14.1 Eri 43528.2.14.2 Ooranis 43528.2.15 Rooftop Harvesting 43628.2.16 Perforated Pavements 43628.2.17 Infiltration Pits 43628.2.18 Swale 43628.3 Case Study 43728.3.1 Study Area 43728.3.2 Climate and Rainfall 43728.3.3 GCM Projection and Scenarios 43828.3.4 Surplus Intensity 43928.4 Results and Discussion 43928.4.1 Understanding the Uncertainty 44128.5 Conclusion 443References 44429 Water Harvesting and Sustainable Tourism 447Neda Torabi Farsani, Homa Moazzen Jamshidi, Mohammad Mortazavi, and Saeid Eslamian29.1 Introduction 44729.2 Water Management: An Approach to Sustainable Tourism 44729.2.1 Water Harvesting and Museums 44929.3 Tourism andWater Harvesting Economy 45129.3.1 The Impact of Tourism onWater Demand 45129.3.2 Water Harvesting as a Supply-SideWater Management Strategy 45129.3.3 Financial and Economic Analysis of Rainwater Harvesting Projects 45229.3.4 Raising Revenue for Financing Rainwater Harvesting Projects 45229.3.5 Rainwater Harvesting in Modern Tourism 45229.4 Conclusion 453References 45330 Rainwater Harvesting Policy Issues in the MENA Region: Lessons Learned, Challenges, andSustainable Recommendations 457Muna Yacoub Hindiyeh, Mohammed Matouq, and Saeid Eslamian30.1 Introduction 45730.2 Definitions of RWH 45730.3 Rainwater Harvesting Toward Millennium and Sustainable Development Goals 45830.4 Water Administration and Legislation 45930.5 Policy and Regulatory Approaches to RWH Use 45930.5.1 The Need for Policy 45930.5.2 Key Characteristics of Good Policy 46130.5.3 Framework for a Policy 46130.5.3.1 Policy Must Balance the Risks from Controlled RWH Use with the Alternatives 46130.5.3.2 Policy Must Be Integrated 46130.5.3.3 Policy Should Be Simple and Incentivize RWH Use 46130.5.3.4 Risk Management Should Be Behavior Based, Rather than Technology orWater-Quality Based 46230.5.3.5 Policy Development Should Include Stakeholders 46230.5.3.6 Policy Must Be Clear Regarding Implementation 46230.5.3.7 Policy Should Not Place Undue Financial Burdens on Users 46230.5.3.8 Privately Owned RWH Systems and Use Should Be Considered for Poor Communities 46230.5.3.9 Policy Should Differentiate with Regard to Scale 46330.6 Considerations When Establishing a Municipal Rainwater Harvesting Program 46330.7 Regulatory Approaches in Other Countries 46430.7.1 Australia 46430.7.2 Germany 46530.7.3 United Kingdom 46530.7.4 Bermuda 46530.7.5 The Netherlands 46530.7.6 India 46530.7.7 Indonesia 46630.7.8 Brazil 46630.7.9 China 46630.7.10 Capiz Province, The Philippines 46630.7.11 United States 46630.7.12 St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands 46730.7.13 Portland 46830.7.14 Singapore 46830.7.15 Kenya 46830.7.16 Namibia 46930.7.17 Middle East 46930.8 Challenges and Limitations 46930.9 Future Recommendations for the MENA Region 47030.10 Conclusion 470References 471Index 475

O autorze

SAEID ESLAMIAN, Isfahan University of Technology.FAEZEH ESLAMIAN, McGill University.