Handbook of Magnetic Phenomena

ISBN-13: 9789401170086 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 424 str.

Harry E. Burke

Opis

The general theory of magnetism and the vast range of individual phe- nomena it embraces have already been examined in many volumes. Spe- cialists hardly need help in charting their way through the maze of pub- lished information. At the same time, a nonspecialist might easily be discouraged by this abundance. Most texts are restricted in their coverage, and their concepts may well appear to be disorganized when the uninitiated attempt to consider them in their totality. Since the subject is already thoroughly researched with very little new information added year by year, this is hardly a satisfactory state of affairs. By now, it should be possible for anyone with even a minimum of technical competence to feel com- pletely at home with all of the basic magnetic principles. The present volume addresses this issue by stressing simplicity-sim- plicity of order and simplicity of range as well as simplicity of detail. It proposes a pattern of logical classification based on the electronic con- sequences that result whenever any form of matter interacts with any kind of energy. An attempt has been made to present each phenomenon of interest in its most visually graphic form while reducing the verbal de- scription to the minimum needed to back up the illustrations. This might be called a Life magazine type of approach, in which each point is prin- cipally supported by a picture. The illustrations make use of two (perhaps unique) conventions.

Spis treści

1. Introduction.- 1.1 Magnetotransduction.- 1.2 Discussion Boundaries.- 1.3 Model.- 1.4 Audience.- 1.5 Theme.- I: Environments Experienced by Moving Electric Charges.- 2. Basic Laws and Definitions.- 2.1 The Three Types of Field.- 2.2 Definition of a Magnetic Field.- 2.3 Electrically Charged Particles.- 2.4 Moving Electrically Charged Particles.- 2.5 Flux Lines.- 2.6 Magnetic Poles.- 2.7 Forces on Moving Electrically Charged Particles.- 2.8 Paths Followed by Moving Charged Particles.- 2.9 Toroidal Magnetic Fields.- 2.10 Magnetic Field Direction.- 2.11 Lenz’s Law.- 2.12 Magnetic Moment.- 2.13 Magnetons.- 2.14 Flux Driving Force.- 2.15 Flux Resisting Force.- 2.16 Permeability.- 2.17 Types of Moving Charged Particles.- 2.18 Magnetic Mirror.- 3. Chemical Effects.- 3.1 Force Patterns.- 3.2 Minimum Energy.- 3.3 Atomic Particles in Path Traverse.- 3.4 Lenz Opposition.- 3.5 Spinning Particles.- 3.6 Magnetic Field Effect on Orbit Energy.- 3.7 Spinning Particle Pairs.- 3.8 Unpaired Spinning Particles.- 3.9 Directional Coherence.- 3.10 Magnetization.- 3.11 Imposed Field Alignments.- 3.12 Field Intensity.- 3.13 Microenvironment.- 3.14 Self-Alignment.- 3.15 Individual Opposition.- 3.16 Individual Skewed Opposition.- 3.17 Group Opposition.- 3.18 Domain Walls.- 3.19 Crystal Restrictions.- 3.20 Multiple Domains.- 3.21 Phase Transitions.- 3.22 Double Lattice.- 3.23 Magnetic Anisotropism.- 3.24 Susceptance Variations.- 3.25 Flux Refraction.- 3.26 Spin Waves.- 3.27 Magneto-Electric Effect.- 4. Magnetic Hysteresis.- 4.1 Domain Matrix.- 4.2 Weak Magnetic Fields.- 4.3 Medium Magnetic Fields.- 4.4 Strong Magnetic Fields.- 4.5 Hysteresis Loop.- 4.6 Barkhausen Effect.- 4.7 Energy Loss.- 4.8 Rotational Hysteresis.- 4.9 Ancillary Effects.- 5. Thermal Effects.- 5.1 Chemical Potential.- 5.2 Nerst Effect.- 5.3 Magneton Alignments.- 5.4 Thermoferromagnetic Effect.- 5.5 Cabrera-Torroja Effect.- 5.6 Thermoferrimagnetic Effect.- 5.7 Ferromagnetic-Thermoelectric Effect.- 5.8 Decalesence.- 5.9 Magnetic Semiconductor Effect.- 6. Mechanical Effects.- 6.1 Ampere’s Forces.- 6.2 Pinch Effect.- 6.3 Magnetic Rigidity.- 6.4 Dimensional Changes.- 6.5 Ferromagnetic Stiffening.- 6.6 Mechanical Forcing Fields.- 6.7 Barnett Effect.- 6.8 Maxwell Effect.- 6.9 Paramagnetic Tension.- 6.10 Havens Balance.- 6.11 Paramagnetic Levitation.- 6.12 Magno-Therm Effect.- 6.13 Ferromagnetic Fluid.- 6.14 Relay.- 6.15 Fluid Actuator.- 6.16 Ferrofluid.- 6.17 Magnetic Suspension.- 7. Magnetic Measurements.- 7.1 Field Direction.- 7.2 Oscillating Magnet.- 7.3 Permanent Magnet “Gauss Meter”.- 7.4 Gradiometer.- 7.5 Vibrating Sample Magnetometer.- 7.6 Bozorth Configuration.- 7.7 Gouy Method.- 7.8 Permeameter.- 7.9 Optic Fiber.- 8. Magnetic Resonance.- 8.1 Coherent Precession.- 8.2 Energy/Frequency Equivalency.- 8.3 Larmor Spectrum.- 8.4 Magnetic Pumping.- 8.5 Magnitude of Larmor Signal.- 8.6 Chemical Shifting.- 8.7 Spin-Spin Splitting.- 8.8 Second Order Spin-Spin Splitting.- 8.9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Flow Meter.- 8.10 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance.- 8.11 Ferromagnetic Resonance.- 8.12 Winslow/Auld/Elston Configuration.- 8.13 Spin-Wave Resonance.- 8.14 Radiant-Energy/Spin-Wave Resonance.- 8.15 Antiferromagnetic Resonance.- 8.16 Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance.- 8.17 Magnetization Detection Effect.- 8.18 Sonic-Wave/Spin-Wave Resonance.- 9. Radiant Energy.- 9.1 Possible Variables.- 9.2 Luminescence.- 9.3 Stimulation.- 9.4 Surface Emission.- 9.5 Frequency Shifting.- 9.6 Polarization.- 9.7 Magnetic Quenching.- 9.8 Absorption.- 9.9 Photomagnetic Effect.- 9.10 Refraction.- 9.11 Magnetorefraction.- 9.12 Reflection.- 9.13 Kerr Magneto-optic Effect.- 9.14 Interference.- 9.15 Diffraction.- 9.16 Magnetodiffraction.- 9.17 Scatter.- 9.18 Nematic Crystals.- 9.19 Polar Angle Rotation.- 9.20 Faraday Effect.- 9.21 Faraday Isolation.- 9.22 Absorption by Magneton Resonance.- 9.23 Circulator.- 9.24 Optical Pumping.- 9.25 Magnetic Phosphene Effect.- 9.26 Gantmahker Effect.- 9.27 Tuned Conducting Wire.- 9.28 Tunable Microwave Band-Pass Filter.- 9.29 Tuned Magnetic Semiconductor.- 9.30 Holography.- II: The Effects of Magnetic Field Changes on MovingCharged Particles.- 10. Moving Conductor.- 10.1 Wire in a Magnetic Field.- 10.2 Accelerated Conductor.- 10.3 Coil of Wire.- 10.4 Homopolar “DC” Generator.- 10.5 Foucault Currents.- 10.6 Metallic Liquid Flow.- 10.7 Electrolytic Flow.- 10.8 Magnetohydrodynamic Flow.- 10.9 Ion Slip.- 10.10 Sound Wave Stiffening.- 10.11 Concentric Flow Meter.- 10.12 Chapin Transducer.- 10.13 Hydromagnetic Effects.- 11. Electromagnetic Induction.- 11.1 Induced Voltage.- 11.2 Consequential Currents.- 11.3 Single Loop.- 11.4 Faraday’s Law.- 11.5 Self-Inductance.- 11.6 Inductive Reactance.- 11.7 Time Constant.- 11.8 Impedance.- 11.9 Phase Angle.- 11.10 Electric Energy.- 12. Reflected Impedance.- 12.1 Reflected Signal Current.- 12.2 Magnitude of Reflected Energy.- 12.3 Target Orientation.- 12.4 Target Location.- 12.5 Multiple Targets, Multiple Responses.- 12.6 Reflected Phase-Angle Range.- 12.7 Eddy Currents.- 12.8 Skin Effect.- 12.9 Target Profile.- 12.10 Beat Frequency Oscillator.- 12.11 Reflected Resistance Thermometer.- 12.12 Reflected Impedance Gage.- 12.13 Reflected Impedence Flaw Detector.- 12.14 Reflectivity Modulation.- 12.15 Bridge Circuit.- 12.16 Antenna Patterns.- 13. Reluctance Variations.- 13.1 Ferromagnetic Cores.- 13.2 Variable Inductance.- 13.3 Variable Reluctance.- 13.4 Two-Coil Linkage.- 13.5 Transformer.- 13.6 Current Transformer.- 13.7 Directional Determination.- 13.8 Nonlinearity Compensation.- 13.9 Differential Transformer.- 13.10 Variable Reluctance Differential Transformer.- 13.11 Torsional Differential Transformer.- 13.12 Shaded Pole Effect.- 13.13 Linear Differential Transformer.- 13.14 Dynamic Variable Reluctance.- 13.15 Dynamic Reluctance Bridge.- 13.16 Choke.- 14. Composite Targets.- 14.1 Sensing-coil Response.- 14.2 Transmit-Receive Configuration.- 14.3 Induction Balance.- 14.4 Geophysical Targets.- 15. Motor Phenomena.- 15.1 String Galvanometer.- 15.2 Vibratron.- 15.3 Bifilar Galvanometer.- 15.4 D’Arsonval Galvanometer.- 15.5 Gaussian Galvanometer.- 15.6 Eddy Current Multiplier.- III: Magnetons Moving Under Tight Constraints As in a Solid or Liquid.- 16. Magnetostriction.- 16.1 Magnetomechanical Hysteresis Loop.- 16.2 Villari Effect.- 16.3 Guillemen Effect.- 16.4 Villari Differential Transformer.- 16.5 Villari Torque Differential Transformer.- 16.6 Villari Bridge.- 16.7 Villari Steel-Rolling Shape Gage.- 16.8 Wertheim Effects.- 16.9 Wiedemann Effects.- 16.10 Nagaoka-Honda Effect.- 16.11 Magnetostrictive Acoustics.- 16.12 Magnetostrictive/Piezoelectric Effect.- 16.13 Magnetostrictive Detection Effect.- 16.14 Garshelis Effect.- 16.15 Magnetostrictive Resonator.- 16.16 Magnetostrictive Amplifier.- 16.17 Magnetostrictive Modulator.- 16.18 Sonic Delay Line.- 16.19 Domain Flip.- 17. Galvanomagnetic Effects.- 17.1 Classifications.- 17.2 Crystal Lattice.- 17.3 Solid Material.- 17.4 Carriers.- 17.5 Carrier Availability.- 17.6 Hot/Cold Carriers.- 17.7 Carrier Movements.- 17.8 Field Effect.- 17.9 Lorentz Forces.- 17.10 Forcing Fields.- 17.11 Dynamic Mechanisms of Resistance.- 17.12 Static Mechanisms of Resistance.- 17.13 Resistance.- 17.14 Mobility.- 17.15 Conductivity.- 17.16 Adiabatic Galvanomagnetoresistance.- 17.17 Magnetoresistive Device.- 17.18 Two-Material Magnetoresistance.- 17.19 Adiabatic Negative Hall Effect.- 17.20 Adiabatic Positive Hall Effect.- 17.21 Suhl Effect.- 17.22 Ettinghausen Effect.- 17.23 Heat Flow.- 17.24 Adiabatic Negative Nernst Effect.- 17.25 Adiabatic Positive Nernst Effect.- 17.26 Righi-Leduc Effect.- 17.27 Isothermal Hall Effects.- 17.28 Hall Current.- 17.29 Corbino Device.- 17.30 Liquid Corbino Device.- 17.31 Negative Hall Device.- 17.32 Hall Multiplying Device.- 17.33 Crystalline Anisotropy.- 17.34 Negative Nernst Device.- 17.35 Photoelectromagnetic Effect.- 17.36 Mechanoelectromagnetic Effect.- 17.37 Chemoelectromagnetic Effect.- 18. Magneton Order Effects.- 18.1 Negative Magnetoresistance.- 18.2 Gauss Effect.- 18.3 Elastoresistance.- 18.4 Ferromagnetic Hall Effect.- 18.5 Electroferrimagnetic Effect.- 18.6 Heat Transport Effects.- 19. Hysteretic Effects.- 19.1 Permeability.- 19.2 Operating Point.- 19.3 Permanent Magnetism.- 19.4 Air-gaps.- 19.5 Flux Guide.- 19.6 Square Hysteresis Loops.- 19.7 Memory Cores.- 19.8 Variable Mhu Magnetometer.- 19.9 Boucke Configuration.- 19.10 Peaking Strip.- 19.11 Magnetic Amplifier.- 19.12 Flux Gate Magnetometer.- 19.13 Magnetic Bubbles.- 19.14 Magmeter.- 19.15 Bobeck Effect.- 19.16 Wiegand Effect.- 19.17 Magnetic Recording.- 20. Size Effects.- 20.1 Surface Effects.- 20.2 Fine-wire Longitudinal Magnetoresistance.- 20.3 Ferromagnetic Particle Size Effects.- 20.4 Supermagnetic Effect.- 20.5 Domain Rotation.- 20.6 Sondheimer Effect.- 20.7 Isothermal Electromagnetic Magnetoresistive Effect.- 21. Strong Magnetic Field Effects.- 21.1 Az’bel-Kaner Resonance.- 21.2 Magnetoacoustic Resonance.- 21.3 Strong Field Magnetoresistance.- 21.4 Anisotropic Strong Field Magnetoresistance.- 21.5 Strong-Field Magnetosusceptance.- IV: Magnetons Moving Under Loose Constraints As in a Vacuum or Gas.- 22. Ionic Currents.- 22.1 Aurora.- 22.2 Singing Flames.- 22.3 Blowout Magnet.- 22.4 Magnetosphere.- 22.5 Magnetic Focusing.- 22.6 Beta Ray Spectrometer.- 22.7 Stern-Gerlach Experiment.- 22.8 Rabi Configuration.- 23. Magnetron Effects in Gas.- 23.1 Magnetron Radius.- 23.2 Cyclotron Frequency.- 23.3 Cyclotron.- 23.4 Split-Anode Magnetometer.- 23.5 Magnetron.- 23.6 Magnetron Pressure Gage.- 23.7 Mass Spectrometer.- 23.8 Omegatron.- 23.9 Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer.- 23.10 Philips Ion Gage.- V: Magnetons Moving in Environments with a Very Low Energy Content.- 24. Chemical Environment.- 24.1 Meissner Effect.- 24.2 Types of Superconduction.- 24.3 Spin Glass.- 24.4 Kondo Effect.- 24.5 Onnes Effect.- 24.6 Cryotron.- 24.7 Huebener-Govednik Switch.- 24.8 Factor Periodicity.- 25. Flux Quantization.- 25.1 Squid.- 26. Tunneling.- 26.1 Giaever Effect.- 26.2 Josephson DC Effect.- 26.3 Junction Manipulation.- 26.4 Josephson AC Effect.- 26.5 Josephson RF Effect.- Glossary of Terms.