Guidelines for Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin Sections

ISBN-13: 9780891189756 / Angielski / Miękka / 2021 / 256 str.

Georges Stoops

Spis treści

About the Second Edition xiAcknowledgements to the First Edition xiiiList of Abbreviations xv1. Introduction 12. Definitions and Historical Review 52.1. What is Soil Micromorphology? 52.2. Brief Historical Review 62.3. Steps of Micromorphological Analysis 92.3.1. Sampling 92.3.2. Preparation of Thin Sections 102.3.3. Analysis and Description of Thin Sections 102.3.4. Interpretation and Reporting 103. Aspects and Techniques of Thin Section Studies 113.1. From a Two-Dimensional Observation to a Three-Dimensional Reality 113.1.1. Introduction 113.1.2. Transition from Two to Three Dimensions 113.1.3. Wedging Effects 173.1.4. Minimal Visible Size and Magnification 173.1.5. Holmes Effect 183.1.6. Orientation 183.1.7. Optical Illusion 183.2. Microscopic Techniques for Thin Section Studies 193.2.1. Introduction 193.2.2. Optical Techniques 193.2.2.1. Introduction 193.2.2.2. Circular Polarized Light 213.2.2.3. Dark-field Illumination 213.2.2.4. Oblique Incident Light and Dark Ground Incident Light 233.2.2.5. Fluorescence Microscopy 243.2.2.5.1. Introduction 243.2.2.5.2. Equipment 253.2.2.5.3. Application 273.2.2.6. Cathodoluminescence 293.2.2.6.1. Introduction 293.2.2.6.2. Equipment 293.2.2.6.3. Sample Preparation 303.2.2.6.4. Application 303.2.3. Selective Extractions 303.2.3.1. Introduction 303.2.3.2. Extraction of Carbonates 323.2.3.3. Extraction of Iron and Manganese Oxyhydrates 333.2.3.4. Bleaching of Humic Substances 333.2.4. Staining and Spot Tests 343.2.4.1. Introduction 343.2.4.2. Differential Staining of Anhydrous Alkali-Earth Carbonates 343.2.4.2.1. Introduction 343.2.4.2.2. Procedure 343.2.4.2.3. Application 353.2.4.3. Ferruginous Components 363.2.4.4. Manganese Oxides and Hydroxides 363.2.4.5. Clay Minerals 364. Elements of Fabric 374.1. Introduction 374.2. Concepts of Fabric 384.3. Elements of Fabric 414.3.1. Introduction 414.3.2. Patterns 424.3.2.1. Introduction 424.3.2.2. Basic Patterns 424.3.2.2.1. Basic Distribution Patterns 434.3.2.2.2. Basic Orientation Patterns 434.3.2.2.3. Orientation Patterns of Clay Particles 454.3.2.3. Referred Patterns 484.3.2.3.1. Referred Distribution Pattern 484.3.2.3.2. Referred Orientation Patterns 494.3.2.4. Related Distribution Patterns 494.3.2.4.1. General 494.3.2.4.2. The c/f related distribution pattern 524.3.3. Size 554.3.4. Sorting 574.3.5. Abundance 574.3.6. Shape 594.3.6.1. Introduction 594.3.6.2. Equidimensionality 614.3.6.3. Degree of Roundness and Sphericity 624.3.6.4. Surface Roughness and Smoothness 624.3.6.5. Boundary 634.3.7. Color 644.4. Variability within Partial Fabrics 654.5. Concepts Used 655. Voids, Aggregates and Microstructure 675.1. Introduction 675.2. Voids 685.2.1. Introduction 685.2.2. Types of Voids (Fig. 5.1) 695.2.3. Size of Poroids 725.2.4. Abundance of Voids 735.2.5. Roughness and Smoothness of Void Walls 735.2.6. Arrangement of Voids 735.2.7. Accommodation of Voids 735.2.8. Note 755.3. Aggregation 775.3.1. Introduction 775.3.2. Peds 775.3.3. Degree of Ped Separation and of Pedality 795.3.4. Size of Peds 805.3.5. Accommodation 825.3.6. Surface Roughness 825.3.7. Internal Fabric 825.3.8. Ped Arrangement Patterns 825.4. Types of Microstructures 835.4.1. Introduction 835.4.2. Main Types of Microstructure 836. Mineral and Organic Constituents 876.1. Introduction 876.2. Coarse Mineral Components 876.2.1. Introduction 876.2.1.1. Importance of its Description 876.2.1.2. Subdivision 886.2.1.3. Important Properties 886.2.1.3.1. Size 886.2.1.3.2. Shape 886.2.1.3.3. Abundance and Frequency 906.2.1.3.4. Alteration 906.2.2. Single Mineral Grains 906.2.3. Compound Mineral Grains and Rock Fragments 1006.2.4. Inorganic Residues of Biological Origin 1036.2.4.1. Introduction 1036.2.4.2. Opaline Components 1036.2.4.3. Calcium Oxalate Crystals 1056.2.4.4. Calcium carbonate constituents of biological origin 1056.2.4.5. Bones and Other Skeletal Tissues 1116.2.5. Anthropogenic Elements 1136.3. Description of Fine Mineral Components 1156.3.1. Importance of its Description 1156.3.2. Nature 1156.3.2.1. Color 1166.3.2.2. Limpidity 1176.3.2.3. Interference Colors 1176.3.2.4. Other Characteristics 1176.3.3. Size 1196.3.4. Shape 1196.4. Description of Organic Components 1196.4.1. Introduction 1196.4.2. Animal Residues 1206.4.3. Plant Residues 1216.4.4. Alteration 1256.4.4.1. Introduction 1256.4.4.2. Alteration of Plant Tissues 1267. Groundmass 1277.1. Introduction and Definition 1277.2. Description 1287.2.1. The Limit Between Coarse and Fine 1297.2.2. The c/f related Distribution Pattern 1307.2.3. Coarse Material, Composition and Fabric 1307.2.4. The Fine Material (Micromass) and Its Fabric 1317.2.4.1. Introduction and Definition 1317.2.4.2. Types of b-fabric 1337.2.4.3. Factors Influencing the Expression of b-Fabrics 1388. Pedofeatures 1438.1. Introduction and Definitions 1438.2. Subdivision of Pedofeatures 1448.2.1. Introduction 1448.2.2. Matrix and Intrusive Pedofeatures 1448.2.3. Morphological Classification of Pedofeatures as Related to their Fabric 1488.3. Coatings, Hypocoatings and Quasicoatings 1498.3.1. Introduction 1498.3.2. Definitions 1498.3.3. Classification 1518.3.4. Descriptive Criteria 1538.4. Infillings 1628.4.1. Definition 1628.4.2. Classification 1638.4.3. Descriptive Criteria 1648.5. Crystals and Crystal Intergrowths 1658.5.1. Introduction 1658.5.2. Definition 1678.5.3. Classification 1678.5.4. Descriptive Criteria 1678.6. Nodules 1688.6.1. Introduction 1688.6.2. Definition 1698.6.3. Classification 1698.6.3.1. Internal Fabric 1698.6.3.2. External Morphology 1728.6.4. Descriptive Criteria 1748.7. Intercalations 1748.7.1. Introduction 1748.7.2. Definition 1748.7.3. Classification 1768.7.4. Descriptive Criteria 1768.8. Excrements 1768.8.1. Introduction 1768.8.2. Descriptive Criteria for Excrements of the Mesofauna 1778.8.2.1. Shape 1778.8.2.2. Aging 1788.8.2.3. Other Criteria 1798.8.3. Descriptive Criteria for Excrements of Larger Animals 1828.9. Compound Pedofeatures 1828.10. Complex Pedofeatures 1838.11. Fragmented, Dissolved and Deformed Pedofeatures 1859. Making and Presenting Thin Section Description 1899.1. Introduction 1899.2. Observation 1909.3. Artifacts 1919.4. Description 1919.4.1. How to Start? 1919.4.2. Possible Description Schemes 1959.4.3. Examples 1969.5. Presentation of Data 19710. References 201Appendix: Materials, Light, and the Petrographic Microscope 225Subject Index 233

O autorze

Georges Stoops, PhD, Emeritus Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.