Ground Station Design and Analysis for Leo Satellites: Analytical, Experimental and Simulation Approach

ISBN-13: 9781119899259 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022

S Cakaj

Spis treści

Preface xAcknowledgments xiv1 LEO Satellite Ground Station Design Concepts 11.1 An Overview of LEO Satellites 11.2 Satellite System Architecture 41.3 The Satellite Ground Station 81.4 Ground Station Subsystems 111.4.1 Antennas 111.4.2 Low Noise Amplifier 111.4.3 Converters 121.4.4 Safety System 131.5 Downlink Budget 141.5.1 Error-Performance 151.5.2 Received Signal Power 151.5.3 Link Budget Analyses 181.6 Figure of Merit and System Noise Temperature 191.7 Satellite and Ground Station Geometry 251.8 LEO MOST Satellite and Ground Stations 29References 312 Rain Attenuation 352.1 Rain Attenuation Concepts 352.2 Rain Attenuation for LEO Satellite Ground Station 382.3 Rain Attenuation Modeling for LEO Satellite Ground Station 41References 443 Downlink Performance 473.1 Downlink Performance Definition 473.2 Composite Noise Temperature at LEO Satellite Ground Station 473.3 Antenna Noise Temperature at LEO Satellite Ground Station 493.4 Downlink Performance - Figure of Merit 513.5 Downlink Performance: Signal-to-Noise Ratio (S/N) 543.6 Downlink and Uplink Antenna Separation 583.7 Desensibilization by Uplink Signal at LEO Satellite Ground Station 593.8 Downlink and Uplink Frequency Isolation 613.9 Sun Noise Measurement at LEO Satellite Ground Station 63References 694 Horizon Plane and Communication Duration 714.1 LEO Satellite Tracking Principles 714.2 Ideal Horizon Plane and Communication Duration with LEO Satellites 784.3 The Range and Horizon Plane Simulation for Ground Stations of LEO Satellites 814.4 Practical Horizon Plane for LEO Ground Stations 834.5 Real Communication Duration and Designed Horizon Plane Determination 874.6 Ideal and Designed Horizon Plane Relation in Space 884.7 Savings on Transmit Power through Designed Horizon Plane at LEO Satellite Ground Stations 934.8 Elevation Impact on Signal-to-Noise Density Ratio for LEO Satellite Ground Stations 96References 1005 LEO Coverage 1035.1 LEO Coverage Concept 1035.2 LEO Coverage Geometry 1045.3 The Coverage of LEO Satellites at Low Elevation 1055.4 Coverage Belt 1075.5 LEO Global Coverage 1095.6 Constellation's Coverage - Starlink Case 1135.7 Handover-Takeover Process: Geometrical Interpretation and Confirmation 115References 1186 LEOs Sun Synchronization 1216.1 Orbital Sun Synchronization Concept 1216.2 Orbital Nodal Regression 1246.3 LEO Sun Synchronization and Inclination Window 1276.4 Perigee Deviation under Inclination Window for Sun-Synchronized LEOs 129References 1327 Launching Process 1337.1 Introduction to the Launching Process 1337.2 Injection Velocity and Apogee Simulation from Low Earth Orbits 1377.3 Hohmann Coplanar Transfer from Low Earth Orbits 1417.4 The GEO Altitude Attainment and Inclination Alignment 1457.4.1 Circularization and the Altitude Attainment 1477.4.2 Inclination Alignment 150References 1518 LEO Satellites for Search and Rescue Services 1538.1 Introduction to LEO Satellites for Search and Rescue Services 1538.2 SARSAT System 1548.2.1 SARSAT Space Segment 1558.2.2 SARSAT Ground Segment 1578.2.3 Beacons 1608.3 Doppler Shift 1628.4 Local User Terminal (LUT) Simulation for LEO Satellites 1658.5 Missed Passes for SARSAT System 1708.6 LEOSAR Versus MEOSAR 174References 1789 Interference Aspects 1819.1 General Interference Aspects 1819.2 Intermodulation Products 1839.3 Intermodulation by Uplink Signal at LEO Satellite Ground Stations 1859.4 Modeling of Interference Caused by Uplink Signal for LEO Satellite Ground Stations 1899.5 Downlink Adjacent Interference for LEO Satellites 1939.6 Adjacent Satellites Interference (Identification/Avoiding) 1959.6.1 Adjacent Interference Identification and Duration Interval 1989.7 Modulation Index Application for Downlink Interference Identification 2009.7.1 Simulation Approach of Interference Events and Timelines 2029.8 Uplink Interference Identification for LEO Search and Rescue Satellites 205References 20710 Two More Challenges 20910.1 Introduction to the Two Challenges 20910.2 Downlink Free Space Loss Compensation 20910.3 Horizon Plane Width: New Parameter for LEO Satellite Ground Station Geometry 214References 21711 Closing Remarks 219References 222Index 224

O autorze

Shkelzen Cakaj, Associate Professor, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania. His master thesis about LEO satellite ground stations stems from his time as a scientific guest at the Institute of Communication and Radiofrequency Engineering, Vienna Technical University, 2003. Dr. Cakaj received his PhD in satellite communications from Zagreb University in January 2008. In 2009, as a Fulbright scholar, he continued his postdoctoral research at NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) in Maryland, USA. He is the author of 68 papers published in worldwide conferences and journals. He is an IEEE reviewer. His area of interest is satellite ground station performance.