Geological Objects and Structures in 3D: Observation, Interpretation and Building of 3D Models

ISBN-13: 9780367497507 / Angielski / Miękka / 2020 / 138 str.

Dominique Frizon de Lamotte; Pascale Leturmy; Pauline Souloumiac

Opis

The main objective of this book is to help students during this difficult learning process. Based on an abundant iconography (field photos, maps, cross-sections) and on basics in mathematics and mechanics, the book dissects the geometry of emblematic geological structures and objects in order to build 3 D models, printable in 3D.

Spis treści

1 Geology, a story of layers 1.1 The globe and the various layers that make it up 1.2 Strike and dip of a layer 1.3 Geometric relationships between dip and topography using the three points method 1.4 3D models of layers intersecting a topography Information box: valley morphology 2 When strata cross and overlie each other: the concept of unconformity 2.1 Definition and historical importance of the concept of unconformity Information box: geological time and philosophy 2.2 Overview of unconformities, the concept of basement and cover, great regional unconformities 2.3 Great ocean unconformities, the concept of a "break-up unconformity" 2.4 Dating an unconformity 2.5 Dating the duration of an event 2.6 Unconformity model for 3D printing 3 When strata fracture: faults 3.1 Fracture theory (Mohr’s circle and envelope) Information box: triaxial stress condition Information box: when rocks fracture in other ways 3.2 The main categories of faults 3.3 The consequences of movement on faults 3.4 Elemental structures resulting from combinations of faults 3.5 Printable 3D models of faults and associations of faults 4 When strata fold without breaking too much: detachment folds 4.1 Theory of folding 4.2 Some basic concepts relating to folds 56 Information box: relationships between folds and cleavage 4.3 Horizontal shortening, excess surface area and detachment depth: toward the kinematics of detachment folds 4.4 3D models of detachment folds 4.5 The role of the basement: "thin-skinned" tectonics and "thick-skinned" tectonics 5 When folds and faults interact: fault-related folds and fold-and-thrust belts 5.1 The concept of fault-bend folding 5.2 Kinematics of fault-bend folding 5.3 Fault-propagation folding: geometry and kinematics 5.4 Variations and limits of kinematic models of fault-bend folds 5.5 3D models of fault-bend folds 88 Information box: folding of strata and analog models 5.6 Interaction of individual structures in fold-and-thrust belts 6 When the salt plays the major role: the effects of salt activity and the concept of salt tectonics 6.1 Deposition of salt and geodynamics 6.2 Definition of the different types of salt-related structures 6.3 Causes of salt mobility 6.4 Printable 3D models of salt-related structures Appendix Practical tips for designing and printing 3D objects Toward 3D models representing real examples Other applications in the field of earth sciences