Geochemical Exploration of the Moon and Planets

ISBN-13: 9783642492808 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 244 str.

I. Adler; J. I. Trombka

Opis

This book presents a review of those efforts that have been and are being made to determine the geochemical composition of the moon and planets. The authors have attempted to present both a review as well as their philosophy about the development of flight experiments for geo chemical studies. Their basic premise is that such flight experiments should emphasize the scientific objectives and a total systems approach to meeting these objectives, involving the analytical device, data handling and data interpretation. While the above seems reasonably obvious, many proposals of experiments often tend to begin with an instrument with too little concern about the constraints imposed and whether the data that can be obtained are sufficiently useful to meet the scientific objectives. This book covers the accomplishments in space science exploration, bearing on the history and composition ofthe solar system. 'It also covers the rationale behind the lunar and planetary exploration program. The latter part of the book is concerned with future plans for lunar and planetary exploration instrumentation and techniques in various stages of development. There is an exposition of the methods of remote analysis of the moon and planets, including some concepts developed by the authors as a result of their long term involvement with the space program, from its early inception to the present day preparation for remote geochemical analysis in the Apollo, Mariner and Viking missions."

Spis treści

1: Introduction.- Mars.- The Moon.- Venus.- The Outer Planets.- Achievements in Planetology.- Progress in Lunar Studies Since 1958.- Summary.- References.- 2: Instruments Used for Compositional Exploration.- Scientific Objectives.- Chemical Analysis by Alpha Particle Back Scattering and Proton Spectroscopy.- Principles.- Proton Spectra from (?, p) Reactions.- Data Interpretation.- Instrumentation.- Mission Description and Results (Surveyor V).- Surveyor VI.- Results and Discussion of the Surveyor VI Alpha-scatter Experiment.- Surveyor VII (see Franzgrote et al., 1968).- Results and Discussion.- Lunar Surface Magnet Experiment.- Magnet Assembly.- Laboratory Studies.- Surveyor V Mission.- Discussion of the Surveyor V Results.- Surveyor VI Magnet Experiment (see Negus de Wys, 1968).- Surveyor VII (see Negus de Wys, 1968).- Observations.- Conclusions.- Density Measurements of the Lunar Surface by Gamma Ray Scattering.- Data Interpretation.- Results.- Gamma Ray Spectroscopy from Lunar Orbit.- Instrumentation.- Ranger 3 Results.- Luna 10 Results.- References.- 3: Instruments and Techniques Under Development.- X-Ray Spectroscopy.- JPL. Lunar X-Ray Spectrograph (see Metzger, 1964).- Specimen Requirements.- Sample Conductivity.- Sample Heating.- Compactness and Surface Smoothness.- Rock Analysis.- Goddard Space Flight Center-Panametrics Spectrometer.- Principles.- Instrumentation.- Data Analysis.- X-Ray Diffraction Techniques for Lunar and Planetary Studies.- Principles.- Sampling and Sample Preparation.- Data Handling and Interpretation.- Orbital X-Ray Fluorescence Experiment (Adler et al., 1969).- Experimental Approach.- Instrument Description.- Orbital Analysis of Surface Composition by Gamma Ray Spectroscopy.- Experiment Approach.- Equipment Description.- Future Direction.- Orbital Analysis of Soil Composition by Infrared Techniques.- Principles.- Goddard Space Flight Center Four Channel Radiometer (Hovis and Lowman, 1968).- Orbital Analysis of the Lunar Surface by Alpha Particle Spectroscopy.- Scientific Description.- Instrument Description.- Neutron Methods.- Experiment Configuration and Operation.- Mass Spectroscopy for Lunar and Planetary Exploration.- Mass Spectrometer for Atmospheric Gases (Spencer and Reber, 1962).- Results.- Lunar Atmosphere Mass Spectrometer (Hoffman, 1969).- Instrumentation.- Mass Spectrometer for the Analysis of Solids (Hertzog, 1965, Kreisman, 1969).- Results.- Gas Chromatography.- Combined Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry.- References.- 4: Apollo Surface Missions and the Lunar Receiving Laboratory Program.- Landing Sites.- Apollo Mission Profiles.- Contamination Control.- Lunar Receiving Laboratory (LRL).- Sample Flow Through the Lunar Receiving Laboratory (LRL).- Detailed Studies of Lunar Samples.- Results of the Preliminary Examination of the Apollo 11 Lunar Samples.- Geologic Description.- Description of the Rocks.- Mineralogy and Petrology.- Chemical Analysis.- Rare Gas Analysis.- Preliminary Age Determinations.- Gamma-Ray Measurements.- Organic Analysis.- Conclusions.- References.- 5: Date Processing and Analysis.- Pulse Height and Digital Spectra.- Measurement of Pulse Height Spectra.- Formulation of the Least-Square Analysis Method.- Calculation of Errors.- Method of Solution Using Non-Negativity Constraint.- Compensation for Gain-Shift and Zero-Drift.- Preparation of the Library.- Correlation and Resolution.- Background Compensation.- Application of Least-Square Techniques to Experimental Problems.- On-Line Data Analysis.- Summary.- References.- 6: Orbital and Surface Exploration Systems After Early Apollo.- General Considerations for Geochemical Exploration Missions.- Orbital Missions.- Critical Parameters for Lunar and Martian Investigations.- Background Measurements.- Methods for Dealing with Background Radiation.- Expected Results from an Integrated Experiment.- Interdependence of Measurements.- Orbital Missions.- Surface Missions.- Surface Rovers.- Soft and Hard Landing Probes.- Planetary Exploration.- References.