Future Propulsion Systems and Energy Sources in Sustainable Aviation

ISBN-13: 9781119414995 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 448 str.

Saeed Farokhi

Spis treści

Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xviiAbbreviations and Acronyms xixAbout the Companion Website xxvii1 Aircraft Engines - A Review 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Aerothermodynamics of Working Fluid 11.2.1 Isentropic Process and Isentropic Flow 61.2.2 Conservation of Mass 61.2.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum 71.2.4 Conservation of Angular Momentum 71.2.5 Conservation of Energy 81.2.6 Speed of Sound and Mach Number 101.2.7 Stagnation State 111.3 Thrust and Specific Fuel Consumption 121.3.1 Takeoff Thrust 161.3.2 Installed Thrust - Some Bookkeeping Issues on Thrust and Drag 161.3.3 Air-Breathing Engine Performance Parameters 181.3.3.1 Specific Thrust 181.3.3.2 Specific Fuel Consumption and Specific Impulse 191.4 Thermal and Propulsive Efficiency 201.4.1 Thermal Efficiency 201.4.2 Propulsive Efficiency 221.4.3 Engine Overall Efficiency and Its Impact on Aircraft Range and Endurance 241.5 Gas Generator 271.6 Engine Components 281.6.1 The Inlet 281.6.2 The Nozzle 301.6.3 The Compressor 361.6.4 The Combustor 401.6.5 The Turbine 441.7 Performance Evaluation of a Turbojet Engine 521.8 Turbojet Engine with an Afterburner 541.8.1 Introduction 541.8.2 Analysis 561.9 Turbofan Engine 591.9.1 Introduction 591.9.2 Analysis of a Separate-Exhaust Turbofan Engine 601.9.3 Thermal Efficiency of a Turbofan Engine 641.9.4 Propulsive Efficiency of a Turbofan Engine 651.9.5 Ultra-High Bypass (UHB) Geared Turbofan Engines 691.9.6 Analysis of Mixed-Exhaust Turbofan Engines with Afterburners 731.9.6.1 Mixer 741.9.6.2 Mixed-Turbofan Cycle Analysis 761.9.6.3 Solution Procedure 771.10 Turboprop Engine 841.10.1 Introduction 841.10.2 Turboprop Cycle Analysis 851.10.2.1 The New Parameters 851.10.2.2 Design-Point Analysis 861.10.2.3 Optimum Power Split between the Propeller and the Jet 901.10.2.4 Advanced Propeller: Prop-Fan 941.11 High-Speed Air-Breathing Engines 951.11.1 Supersonic Combustion Ramjet 991.11.1.1 Inlet Analysis 991.11.1.2 Scramjet Combustor 1011.11.1.3 Scramjet Nozzle 1031.12 Rocket-Based Airbreathing Propulsion 1031.13 Summary 104References 1052 Aircraft Aerodynamics - A Review 1092.1 Introduction 1092.2 Similarity Parameters in Compressible Flow: Flight vs. Wind Tunnel 1112.3 Physical Boundary Conditions on a Solid Wall (in Continuum Mechanics) 1132.4 Profile and Parasite Drag 1152.4.1 Boundary Layers 1152.4.1.1 Case 1: Incompressible Laminar Flow 1162.4.1.2 Case 2: Laminar Compressible Boundary Layers 1252.4.1.3 Case 3: Turbulent Boundary Layers 1292.4.1.4 Case 4: Transition 1322.4.2 Profile Drag of an Airfoil 1352.5 Drag Due to Lift 1412.5.1 Classical Theory 1412.5.2 Optimal Spanloading: The Case of Bell Spanload 1472.6 Waves in Supersonic Flow 1502.6.1 Speed of Sound 1502.6.2 Normal Shock Wave 1522.6.3 Oblique Shock Waves 1522.6.4 Expansion Waves 1552.7 Compressibility Effects and Critical Mach Number 1572.8 Drag Divergence Phenomenon and Supercritical Airfoil 1612.9 Wing Sweep 1632.10 Delta Wing Aerodynamics 1662.10.1 Vortex Breakdown 1672.11 Area-Rule in Transonic Aircraft 1692.12 Optimum Shape for Slender Body of Revolution of Length l in Supersonic Flow 1712.12.1 Sears-Haack Body 1742.12.2 Von Karman Ogive of Length l and Base Area, S(l), for Minimum Axisymmetric Nose Wave Drag 1752.13 High-Lift Devices: Multi-Element Airfoils 1752.14 Powered Lift and STOL Aircraft 1792.15 Laminar Flow Control, LFC 1802.16 Aerodynamic Figures of Merit 1822.17 Advanced Aircraft Designs and Technologies for Leaner, Greener Aviation 1882.18 Summary 194References 1953 Understanding Aviation's Impact on the Environment 2013.1 Introduction 2013.2 Combustion Emissions 2023.2.1 Greenhouse Gases 2023.2.2 Carbon Monoxide, CO, and Unburned Hydrocarbons, UHC 2053.2.3 Oxides of Nitrogen, NOx 2083.2.4 Impact of NO on Ozone in Lower and Upper Atmosphere 2093.2.4.1 Lower Atmosphere 2093.2.4.2 Upper Atmosphere 2113.2.5 Impact of NOx Emissions on Surface Air Quality 2133.2.6 Soot/Smoke and Particulate Matter (PM) 2143.2.7 Contrails, Cirrus Clouds, and Impact on Climate 2153.3 Engine Emission Standards 2153.4 Low-Emission Combustors 2163.5 Aviation Fuels 2193.6 Interim Summary on Combustion Emission Impact on the Environment 2253.7 Aviation Impact on Carbon Dioxide Emission: Quantified 2273.8 Noise 2323.8.1 Introduction 2323.8.1.1 General Discussion 2323.8.1.2 Sound Intensity 2363.8.1.3 Acoustic Power 2363.8.1.4 Levels and Decibels 2373.8.1.5 Sound Power Level in Decibels, dB 2373.8.1.6 Sound Intensity Level in Decibels, dB 2373.8.1.7 Sound Pressure Level in Decibels, dB 2373.8.1.8 Multiple Sources 2373.8.1.9 Overall Sound Pressure Level in Decibels, dB 2383.8.1.10 Octave Band, One-Third Octave Band, and Tunable Filters 2383.8.1.11 Adding and Subtracting Noise Sources 2393.8.1.12 Weighting 2393.8.1.13 Effective Perceived Noise Level (EPNL), dB, and Other Metrics 2403.8.1.14 Pulsating Sphere: Model of a Monopole 2413.8.1.15 Two Monopoles: Model of a Dipole 2423.8.1.16 Two Dipoles: Model of Quadrupole 2433.8.2 Sources of Noise Near Airports 2443.8.3 Engine Noise 2453.8.4 Subsonic Jet Noise 2493.8.5 Supersonic Jet Noise 2513.9 Engine Noise Directivity Pattern 2533.10 Noise Reduction at the Source 2563.10.1 Wing Shielding 2563.10.2 Fan Noise Reduction 2563.10.3 Subsonic Jet Noise Mitigation 2603.10.3.1 Chevron Nozzle 2603.10.3.2 Acoustic Liner in Exhaust Core 2613.10.4 Supersonic Jet Noise Reduction 2623.11 Sonic Boom 2633.12 Aircraft Noise Certification 2683.13 NASA's Vision: Quiet Green Transport Technology 2723.14 FAA's Vision: NextGen Technology 2733.15 The European Vision for Sustainable Aviation 2743.16 Summary 275References 2764 Future Fuels and Energy Sources in Sustainable Aviation 2834.1 Introduction 2834.2 Alternative Jet Fuels (AJFs) 2884.2.1 Choice of Feedstock 2914.2.2 Conversion Pathways to Jet Fuel 2924.2.3 AJF Evaluation and Certification/Qualification 2934.2.4 Impact of Biofuel on Emissions 2944.2.5 Advanced Biofuel Production 2964.2.6 Lifecycle Assessment of Bio-Based Aviation Fuel 3034.2.7 Conversion of Bio-Crops to Electricity 3054.3 Liquefied Natural Gas, LNG 3054.3.1 Composition of Natural Gas and LNG 3074.4 Hydrogen 3084.4.1 Hydrogen Production 3104.4.2 Hydrogen Delivery and Storage 3124.4.3 Gravimetric and Volumetric Energy Density and Liquid Fuel Cost 3124.5 Battery Systems 3124.5.1 Battery Energy Density 3144.5.2 Open-Cycle Battery Systems 3154.5.3 Charging Batteries in Flight: Two Examples 3164.5.4 All-Electric Aircraft: Voltair Concept Platform 3164.6 Fuel Cell 3184.7 Fuels for the Compact Fusion Reactor (CFR) 3204.8 Summary 321References 3225 Promising Technologies in Propulsion and Power 3255.1 Introduction 3255.2 Gas Turbine Engine 3265.2.1 Brayton Cycle: Simple Gas Turbine Engine 3265.2.2 Turbofan Engine 3275.3 Distributed Combustion Concepts in Advanced Gas Turbine Engine Core 3305.4 Multifuel (Cryogenic-Kerosene), Hybrid Propulsion Concept 3355.5 Intercooled and Recuperated Turbofan Engines 3355.6 Active Core Concepts 3405.7 Topping Cycle: Wave Rotor Combustion 3405.8 Pulse Detonation Engine (PDE) 3515.9 Humphrey Cycle vs. Brayton: Thermodynamics 3515.9.1 Idealized Laboratory PDE: Thrust Tube 3535.9.2 Pulse Detonation Ramjets 3555.9.3 Turbofan Engine with PDE 3565.9.4 Pulse Detonation Rocket Engine (PDRE) 3575.9.5 Vehicle-Level Performance Evaluation of PDE 3585.10 Boundary-Layer Ingestion (BLI) and Distributed Propulsion (DP) Concept 3585.10.1 Aircraft Drag Reduction Through BLI 3605.10.2 Aircraft Noise Reduction: Advanced Concepts 3625.10.3 Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) of a BWB Aircraft with BLI 3655.11 Distributed Propulsion Concept in Early Aviation 3675.12 Distributed Propulsion in Modern Aviation 3685.12.1 Optimal Number of Propulsors in Distributed Propulsion 3715.12.2 Optimal Propulsor Types in Distributed Propulsion 3725.13 Interim Summary on Electric Propulsion (EP) 3845.14 Synergetic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine; SABRE 3865.15 Compact Fusion Reactor: The Path to Clean, Unlimited Energy 3885.16 Aircraft Configurations Using Advanced Propulsion Systems 3895.17 Summary 395References 3966 Pathways to Sustainable Aviation 4036.1 Introduction 4036.2 Pathways to Certification 4036.3 Energy Pathways in Sustainable Aviation 4056.4 Future of GT Engines 4076.5 Summary 409References 410Index 411

O autorze

Saeed Farokhi is a Chancellor's Club Distinguished Teaching Professor and Professor in the Aerospace Engineering department at the University of Kansas, USA. His main areas of research are propulsion systems, flow control, airdata sensors, renewable energy (wind turbines) and computational fluid dynamics.