Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, International Adaptation

ISBN-13: 9781119820772 / Angielski / Miękka / 2022 / 736 str.

Richard E. Sonntag

Spis treści

Table of Contents:1 Introduction and Preliminaries1.1 A Thermodynamic System and the Control Volume1.2 Macroscopic Versus Microscopic Points of View1.3 Properties and State of a Substance1.4 Processes and Cycles1.5 Units for Mass, Length, Time, and Force1.6 Specific Volume and Density1.7 Pressure1.8 Energy1.9 Equality of Temperature1.10 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics1.11 Temperature Scales1.12 Engineering ApplicationsSummaryProblems2 Properties of a Pure Substance2.1 The Pure Substance2.2 The Phase Boundaries2.3 The P-v-T Surface2.4 Tables of Thermodynamic Properties2.5 The Two-Phase States2.6 The Liquid and Solid States2.7 The Superheated Vapor States2.8 The Ideal Gas States2.9 The Compressibility Factor2.10 Equations of State2.11 Engineering ApplicationsSummaryProblems3 Energy Equation and First Law of Thermodynamics3.1 The Energy Equation3.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics3.3 The Definition of Work3.4 Work Done at the Moving Boundary of a Simple Compressible System3.5 Definition of Heat3.6 Heat Transfer Modes3.7 Internal Energy--A Thermodynamic Property3.8 Problem Analysis and Solution Technique3.9 The Thermodynamic Property Enthalpy3.10 The Constant-Volume and Constant-Pressure Specific Heats3.11 The Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heat of Ideal Gases3.12 Nonuniform Distribution of States and Mass3.13 The Transient Heat Transfer Process3.15 Engineering ApplicationsSummaryProblems4 Energy Analysis for a Control Volume4.1 Conservation of Mass and the Control Volume4.2 The Energy Equation for a Control Volume4.3 The Steady-State Process4.4 Examples of Steady-State Processes4.5 Multiple-Flow Devices4.6 The Transient Flow Process4.7 Engineering ApplicationsSummaryProblems5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics5.1 Heat Engines and Refrigerators, and Heat Pump5.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics5.3 The Reversible Process5.4 Factors That Render Processes Irreversible5.5 The Carnot Cycle5.6 Two Propositions Regarding the Efficiency of a Carnot Cycle5.7 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale5.8 The Ideal Gas Temperature Scale5.9 Ideal Versus Real Machines5.10 The Inequality of Clausius5.11 Engineering ApplicationsSummaryProblems6 Entropy6.1 Entropy--A Property of a System6.2 The Entropy of a Pure Substance6.3 Entropy Change in Reversible Processes6.4 The Thermodynamic Property Relation6.5 Entropy Change of a Solid Or Liquid6.6 Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas6.7 The Reversible Polytropic Process for an Ideal Gas6.8 Entropy Change of a Control Mass During an Irreversible Process6.9 Entropy Generation and the Entropy Equation6.10 Principle of the Increase of Entropy6.11 Entropy Balance Equation in a Rate Equation6.12 Some General Comments About Entropy and ChaosSummaryProblems7 Entropy Analysis for a Control Volume7.1 The Entropy Balance Equation for a Control Volume7.2 The Steady-State Process and the Transient Process7.3 The Steady-State Single-Flow Process7.4 Principle of the Increase of Entropy7.5 Engineering Applications; Energy Conservation and Device EfficiencySummaryProblems8 Exergy8.1 Exergy, Reversible Work, and Irreversibility8.2 Exergy and Its Balance Equation8.3 The Second Law Efficiency8.4 Engineering ApplicationsSummaryProblems9 Gas Power and Refrigeration Systems9.1 Introduction to Power Systems9.2 Air-Standard Power Cycles9.3 The Stirling Cycle and the Ericsson Cycles9.4 Reciprocating Engine Power Cycles9.5 The Otto Cycle9.6 The Diesel Cycle9.7 The Dual Cycle9.8 The Atkinson and Miller Cycles9.9 The Brayton Cycle9.10 The Simple Gas-Turbine Cycle With a Regenerator9.11 Gas-Turbine Power Cycle Configurations9.12 The Air-Standard Cycle for Jet Propulsion9.13 Introduction to Refrigeration Systems9.14 The Air-Standard Refrigeration CycleSummaryProblems10 Vapor Power and Refrigeration Systems10.1 The Simple Rankine Cycle10.2 Effect of Pressure and Temperature on the Rankine Cycle10.3 The Reheat Cycle10.4 The Regenerative Cycle and Feedwater Heaters10.5 Deviation of Actual Cycles From Ideal Cycles10.6 Combined Heat and Power: Other Configurations10.7 The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle10.8 Working Fluids for Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems10.9 Deviation of the Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle From the Ideal Cycle10.10 Refrigeration Cycle Configurations10.11 The Absorption Refrigeration Cycle10.12 Exergy Analysis of Cycles10.13 Combined-Cycle Power and Refrigeration SystemsSummaryProblems11 Gas Mixtures11.1 General Considerations and Mixtures of Ideal Gases11.2 A Simplified Model of a Mixture Involving Gases and a Vapor11.3 The Energy Equation Applied To Gas-Vapor Mixtures11.4 The Adiabatic Saturation Process11.5 Engineering Applications--Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures and the Psychrometric ChartSummaryProblems12 Thermodynamic Relations12.1 The Clapeyron Equation12.2 Mathematical Relations for a Homogeneous Phase12.3 The Maxwell Relations12.4 Thermodynamic Relations Involving Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Entropy12.5 Volume Expansivity and Isothermal and Adiabatic Compressibility12.6 Real-Gas Behavior and Equations of State12.7 The Generalized Chart for Changes of Enthalpy At Constant Temperature12.8 The Generalized Chart for Changes of Entropy At Constant Temperature12.9 The Property Relation for Mixtures12.10 Pseudopure Substance Models for Real Gas Mixtures12.11 Engineering ApplicationsSummaryProblems13 Chemical Reactions13.1 Fuels13.2 The Combustion Process13.3 Enthalpy of Formation13.4 Energy Analysis of Reacting Systems13.5 Enthalpy and Internal Energy of Combustion; Heating Value13.6 Adiabatic Flame Temperature13.7 The Third Law of Thermodynamics and Absolute Entropy13.8 Second-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems13.9 Fuel Cells13.10 Engineering ApplicationsSummaryProblems