Acknowledgments; Introduction; 1. From second empire to third republic: the great scientific mutation; 2. Fata morgana: positivism in nineteenth-century French biology; 3. Biology in the University: the success of marine biology leads but to paradigm lost; 4. The industrial connection of University science; 5. Science in agriculture: an increasing role in the new land of plenty; 6. Science in the catholic universities; 7. Scientific publication: the flood of monographs, books, and journals unleashed by the new research imperative in schools and societies; 8. Science funding in the twentieth century: laying the foundations of the science empire; 9. The denouement of the 1930s: a new scientific function for the state; Notes; Bibliography; Index.