Fortschritte Der Chemie Organischer Naturstoffe/Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products/Progrès Dans La Chimie Des Substances Organiques

ISBN-13: 9783709171769 / Niemiecki / Miękka / 2011 / 400 str.

J. Bonner; H. J. Jr. Deuel; C. Dhere

Opis

In their monumental work "The Cactaceae," BRITTON and ROSE (I9) record 1235 species belonging to the three tribes which constitute the family of the Cacti. The actual number of the species must be con siderably higher. Cacti occur frequently in tlie more arid and less accessible regions of the American Continent, nearly always within very narrow and definite borderlines. The habitat of a species is in many instances a single valley located in a remote, uninhabited region of the Cordillera. Thus the collection of flowering specimens fit for botanical identification is some times extremely difficult. On the other hand, cacti are apt to develop individual variations in their characteristic morphological features, rendering the definition of a species difficult and often illusory. Specimens taken from their normal habitat to botanical gardens or arboreta often die, degenerate or stop flowering. Taking into account all these difficulties, it is not surprising to find considerable differences of opinion among botanists on the taxonomy of the cactaceae. A considerable number of species have not been well defined and in many cases different names have been given to the same species. The index of BRITTON and ROSE records not less than 7000 binomials.

Spis treści

Some Biochemical and Nutritional Aspects in Fat Chemistry.- I. Introduction.- 1. General Remarks on Fat Composition.- a) Non-solvent Crystallization.- b) Crystallization from Solvents.- c) Fractional Distillation.- d) Chromatographic Separation.- e) Counter current Distribution.- f) Ultraviolet Spectroscopy.- g) Raman Spectroscopy.- h) Determination of Triglyceride Structure.- 2. Composition of Substances Associated with Triglycerides.- 3. Factors Influencing the Composition of Fats.- II. Nutritional Evaluation of Fats in General.- 1. Functions of Fat in the Animal.- 2. The Digestibility of Fats.- a) The Digestibility in Man of Vegetable and Animal Fats with Melting Points Below 500 C.- b) The Digestibility in Man of Vegetable and Animal Fats with Melting Points Above 500 C.- c) Digestibility of Oleomargarines.- d) Digestibility of Polymerized Oils.- e) Digestibility of Fats in Animals Other than Man.- f) Factors Influencing the Digestibility of Fats.- g) Utilization of Fats Introduced Parenterally.- 3. The Rate of Absorption of Fats from the Gastrointestinal Tract.- 4. Fats as Sources of “Essential” Fatty Acids.- 5. Fat-Vitamin Interrelationships.- a) Thiamin and Fat.- b) Riboflavin and Fat.- c) Pantothenic Acid and Fat.- d) Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) and Fat.- e) Niacin, Folic Acid, and Fat.- f) Biotin and Fat.- g) Fat-soluble Vitamins and Fats.- 6. Relation of Fat to Protein Metabolism.- 7. Fats in Relation to Specific Dynamic Action of Foodstuffs.- 8. Fats in Relation to Growth.- 9. Fats in Relation to Sexual Maturity.- 10. Fats in Relation to Pregnancy and Lactation.- 11. Fats in Relation to Work Capacity and Survival.- 12. Fats as Antithyrotoxic Agents.- 13. Optimum Fat Levels in the Diet.- III. Comparison of the Nutritional Value of Animal and Vegetable Fats.- 1. General Remarks.- 2. The Comparative Amounts of Vitamins and Essential Fatty Acids in Animal and Vegetable Fats.- a) Vitamin A and Provitamin A.- b) Vitamin D.- c) Vitamin E.- d) Unsaturated Fatty Acid Content in Animal and Vegetable Fats.- 3. Comparative Digestibility and Absorption of Animal and Vegetable Fats.- 4. Growth Tests with Vegetable and Animal Fats.- a) Experiments with Normal Rats.- b) Experiments on Prematurely-Weaned Rats.- c) Comparative Effectiveness of Animals Receiving Fats in a Restricted Diet.- d) Experiments on Rats Using Growth Hormones.- e) Growth and Nutrition Experiments on Children.- 5. Pregnancy and Lactation Performance of Rats Receiving Animal and Vegetable Fats.- 6. Growth and Reproduction of Rats over Many Generations on a Diet Containing a Vegetable Margarine.- IV. Conclusions.- References.- Odeurs et parfums des animaux.- Rôle de l’odeur dans le regne animal.- Drogues animales utilisées en parfumerie.- I. Produits d’excrétion des glandes sébacées.- 1° Musc et civette.- a) Le Musc.- b) La Civette.- c) La chimie des grands cycles.- d) Premières synthèses de cétones macrocycliques.- e) Synthèses de la muscone.- f) Synthèses de la civettone.- 2° Constitution chimique et odeur musquée des substances macrocycliques.- 3° Musc américain.- 4° Autres animaux à sécrétion musquée.- 5° Substances soufrées des Mustélidés et d’autres animaux.- 6° Castoréum.- 7° Suintine.- 8° Yacarol.- II. Concrétions intestinales.- 1° Ambre gris.- Composition chimique de l’ambre gris.- Ambréine.- Biosynthèse de l’ambréine et formation de l’ambre gris.- Essais synthétiques dans la série de l’ambréine.- 2° Bézoards.- III. Substances odorantes de l’urine de Vertébrés.- I° Dérivés de l’ionone.- a) De l’urine de Lapin.- b) De l’urine de Jument gravide.- 2° Phénols de l’urine de Jument gravide.- 3° Acides de l’urine de Jument gravide.- 4° Les Stéroïdes odorants.- 5° Divers.- IV. Fèces.- Hyracéum.- Conclusions.- Bibliographie.- Vorkommen und biochemisches Verhalten der Chinone.- Wien.- I. Natürlich vorkommende Chinone.- Das Vorkommen von Chinonen im Mineralreich.- Chinone bakteriellen Ursprunges.- Durch Pilze erzeugte Chinone.- Die Biosynthese von Pilzchinonen.- Funktion der Pilzchinone.- Durch Flechten erzeugte Chinone.- Von höheren Pflanzen erzeugte Chinone.- Photosensibilisierende Chinone.- Biosynthese und Funktion der Chinone höherer Pflanzen.- Chinone tierischen Ursprungs.- II. Biologische Wirkungen der Chinone.- Wirkungen der Chinone gegenüber Mikroorganismen.- Der Einfluß der Chinone auf Vorgänge bei der Zellteilung.- Antimitotische Effekte.- Mutagene Effekte.- Wirkungen der Chinone auf tierische Organismen.- Wirkung von Chinonen auf Invertebraten.- Wirkung von Chinonen auf Vertebraten.- Der mögliche Mechanismus einiger Chinonwirkungen.- Wirkung der Chinone auf Enzyme.- Schlußbemerkung.- Cactus Alkaloids and Some Related Compounds.- I. Introduction.- II. Historical.- III. Occurrence of Alkaloids in Cacti.- List of Cactaceae from Which Alkaloids of Known Structure Have Been Isolated.- List of Cactaceae Which Contain Alkaloids of Undetermined Structure.- IV. Location of the Alkaloids in Tissues of the Cacti.- V. Extraction and Isolation of Cactus Alkaloids.- VI. The Chemistry of the Cactus Alkaloids and Some Related Natural Bases.- A. ?-Phenylethylamines.- 1. ?-Phenylethylamine.- — 2. N-Methyl-?-phenylethylamine.- — 3. Tyramine.- — 4. Hordenine.- — 5. Candicine.- — 6. O-Methyltyramine-N-methylcinnamide.- — 7. 3-Hydroxy-tyramine.- — 8. Coryneine.- — 9. Mezcaline.- — 10. N-Methylmezcaline.- — 11. N-Acetylmezcaline.- — 12. Trichocereine.- B. Tetrahydro-isoquinolines.- 1. Anhalamine.- — 2. Anhalinine.- — 3. Anhalidine.- — 4. Anhalonidine.- — 5. Pellotine.- — 6. O-Methyl-d-anhalonidine.- — 7. Anhalonine.- — 8. Lophophorine.- Structure and Synthesis of the Isoquinoline Bases Obtained from Anhalonium lewinii.- Anhalonidine and Pellotine.- — Anhalamine, Anhalidine and Anhalinine.- — Anhalonine and Lophophorine.- — 9. Carnegine.- — 10. Salsoline.- — 11. Salsolidine.- — 12. Corypalline.- — 13. Hydrohydrastinine.- — 14. Hydrocotarnine.- VII. Biogenesis of the Cactus Alkaloids and Their Relationship to Other Natural Products.- VIII. Pharmacological Effects of Cactus Alkaloids and Some Related, Naturally Occurring Bases.- Phenylethylamine, Tyramine, Hydroxy-tyramine.- — Hordenine.- — Candicine.- — Coryneine.- — Mezcaline.- — Trichocereine.- — Anhalonine.- — Anhalonidine.- — Pellotine.- — Lophophorine.- — Carnegine.- — Pilocereine.- — Salsoline.- References.- Plant Proteins.- I. Introduction.- II. Proteins of Cereal Seeds.- III. Proteins of Seeds of Dicotyledenous Plants.- IV. The Leaf Proteins.- Preparation.- Properties of the Chloroplastic Protein.- The Cytoplasmic Proteins.- Cytoplasmic Proteins of Leaves in Relation to Virus Formation.- V. Proteins of Tissues Other than Leaves.- VI. Conclusion.- References.- Progrès récents en spectrochimie de fluorescence des produits biologiques.- I. Avant-propos.- II. Hydrocarbones (glucides) et glucosides.- Escorcéine.- Rutine.- III. Stérols et Stéroïdes.- Réaction de Salkowski.- Réaction de Windaus.- Stéroides à fonctions hormonales.- Réaction des Stéroïdes avec le sulfate diméthylique.- Hormones surrénales.- Hormones sexuelles.- Réactions spéciales.- IV. Protéines (protides) et aminoacides.- Réactions spéciales.- V. Pyrimidines, purines et ptérines.- Pyrimidines et purines.- Ptérines.- VI. Thiamine (aneurine), thiochrome et thiazol.- VII. Adrénaline et adrénochrome.- VIII. Alcaloïdes.- IX. Polyphénols.- X. Dérivés de l’indol.- XI. Acide nicotinique et nicotylamide.- XII. Uroérythrine (uroroséine).- XIII. Chlorophylles.- XIV. Polyhydroxyanthraquinones et composés similaires.- XV. Lampyrine.- XVI. Carotène, phytofluène et vitamine A.- XVII. Pénicilline et streptomycine.- Appendice: La topographie spectrale dans l’excitation des fluorescences (Spectrofluorescence).- Bibliographie.- Namenverzeichnis. Index of Names. Index des Auteurs.- Sachverzeichnis. Index of Subjects. Index des Matières.