Forest Dynamics: Silvi-Star: A Comprehensive Monitoring System

ISBN-13: 9783642750144 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 229 str.

Henk Koop

Opis

No matter what forests are used for, forest managers have to deal with interactions between individual trees and between trees and other forest organisms. To understand these interactions, long-term monitoring of spontaneous forest development is necessary. A complete monitoring system has been developed including a computer package for analysis of long-term observation of forest dynamics. The system's name, "SILVI-STAR," is an acronym of SILVIgenesis and Single-tree Three-dimensional Architecture. A method of nested plot data collection on forest architecture and plant species composition has been developed out for monitoring purposes.

Spis treści

A Design and Structure of the Monitoring System.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Problem Analysis.- 1.1.1 Over-Use of Natural Forests.- 1.1.2 Ignorance of Natural Processes in Man-Made Forests.- 1.1.3 Restoration of Man-Made Forests as Natural Areas.- 1.1.4 Lack of Coherent Information on Natural Processes.- 1.1.5 Tools for Prediction.- 1.2 Objectives.- 1.3 Outline of the Text.- 2 Design of the System.- 2.1 Phase 1: Working Out Appropriate Techniques for Data Collection.- 2.1.1 Reflections on Plot Size and Frequency of Measurements.- 2.1.2 A Hierarchy for Forest Analysis.- 2.1.3 Nested Plot Design.- 2.2 Phase 2: The Organization of Datastorage and Retrieval.- 2.3 Phase 3: Data Processing and Interpretation.- 3 Data Collection and Data Storage.- 3.1 Forest Type Area.- 3.1.1 Mapping of Forest History.- 3.1.2 Mapping of Vegetation Structure.- 3.1.3 Mapping of Vegetation Composition.- 3.2 Core Area.- 3.2.1 Tree Charting.- 3.2.2 Tree Measurements.- 3.2.3 Tree Classifications.- 3.2.4 Tree Ring Sampling.- 3.2.5 Sequential Ground Photography.- 3.2.6 Vegetation Mapping.- 3.3 Woody Transect Area.- 3.3.1 Profile Drawings.- 3.4 Herbaceous Transect Area.- 3.4.1 Permanent Quadrats.- B Data Processing.- 4 The Tree Model.- 4.1 Review of Tree Models.- 4.1.1 Models of Tree Architecture.- 4.1.2 Two-Dimensional Tree Shape Models.- 4.1.3 Three-Dimensional Tree Shape Models.- 4.2 Tree Model Description.- 4.2.1 Crown Projection.- 4.2.2 Crown Projections of Bending Trees.- 4.2.3 Dead Trees.- 4.2.4 Calculation of Unknown Co-Ordinates.- 4.2.5 Transverse Crown Sections.- 4.2.6 Fitting of Transverse Crown Sections.- 4.2.7 Horizontal Crown Sections.- 4.2.8 Fitting of Crown Projections.- 4.3 Modelling Uprooting Mound-and-Pit Micro-Relief.- 5 Processing of Primary Tree Characteristics.- 5.1 Computing of Crown Area, Crown Cover, Crown Volume and Basal Area.- 5.2 Statistical Analysis of Tree Data.- 5.3 Two Dimensional Computer Plotting of Forest Structure.- 6 Application Programs.- 6.1 Light Simulation.- 6.1.1 The Program FOREYE.- 6.2 Vegetation Data Processing and Forest Structure.- 6.3 Aerial View Simulation.- 6.3.1 The Program CANOPIX.- 6.4 Forest Reconstruction with Tree Ring Data.- 6.4.1 The Program GROWRING.- C Examples of System Application.- 7 Reconstruction of Long-Term Cyclic Forest Dynamics.- 7.1 Cyclic Forest Dynamics in the 600 Years’ Unexploited Beech Forest of Fontainebleau (France).- 7.1.1 Historical Analysis.- 7.1.2 Tree Age Distribution.- 7.1.3 Pattern in the Regeneration Mosaic.- 7.1.4 Forest Growth Reconstruction in a Melico-Fagetum (Core area I).- 7.1.5 Forest Growth Reconstruction in a Fago-Quercetum (Core area II).- 7.1.6 Mosaic Development During Regeneration After Management.- 7.2 Cyclic Forest Dynamics in an Unexploited Lime-Hornbeam Forest in Bialowieza (Poland).- 7.2.1 Historical Analysis.- 7.2.2 Tree Age Distribution.- 7.2.3 Pattern in the Regeneration Mosaic.- 7.2.4 Forest Growth Reconstruction.- 7.2.5 Mosaic Development During Regeneration.- 7.3 Reconstruction of Forest Dynamics in Pasture Woodlands in the New Forest (England).- 7.3.1 Historical Analysis.- 7.3.2 Pattern in the Regeneration Mosaic.- 7.3.3 Mosaic Development During Regeneration.- 8 Reconstruction of Long-Term Non-Cyclic Forest Dynamics.- 8.1 Non-Cyclic Forest Dynamics in Unexploited River-Bank Willow Forest on the Ile De Rhinau (France).- 8.1.1 Historical Analysis.- 8.1.2 Tree Age Distribution.- 8.1.3 Pattern in Regeneration Mosaic.- 8.1.4 Forest Growth Reconstruction.- 8.1.5 Mosaic Development During Regeneration.- 8.2 Non-Cyclic Forest Dynamics in an Unexploited Adler-Birch Swamp Forest in the Otterskooi (The Netherlands).- 8.2.1 Historical Analysis.- 8.2.2 Vegetation Pattern and Forest History.- 8.2.3 Forest Architecture and Forest History.- 8.2.4 Tree Species Distribution and Forest History.- 8.2.5 Architectural Compartments and Tree Distribution.- 8.2.6 Potential Natural Vegetation.- 9 Monitoring of Forest Dynamics.- 9.1 Stand Dynamics in a Spontaneous Willow Forest in Zuidelijk Flevoland, a Polder Reclaimed in 1968 (The Netherlands).- 9.2 Herb-Layer Dynamics in Unexploited Beech Forests in the Neuenburger Urwald (Federal Republic of Germany).- 9.2.1 Herb-Layer Dynamics in a Fago-Quercetum.- 9.2.2 Herb-Layer Dynamics in a Stellario-Carpinetum.- 9.2.3 Conclusion.- 10 Studies of Variables in Different Forest Areas.- 10.1 Crown Area Index and Crown Cover Index.- 10.2 Crown Cover per Tree Species.- 10.2.1 Crown Cover of Beech (Fagus sylvatica).- 10.2.2 Crown Cover of Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and Oak (Quercus robur).- 10.3 Relation Between Diameter of the Crown and Diameter of the Bole.- 10.4 Height/Diameter Ratios and Structural Ensembles.- 10.4.1 Height/Diameter Ratios and Structural Ensembles in Beech Dominated Forests of the Fago-Quercetum and Melico-Fagetum.- 10.4.2 Height/Diameter Ratios and Structural Ensembles in Forests of the Alno-Padion.- 11 Simulations.- 11.1 Light Plans and Profiles.- 11.1.1 Horizontal Light Patterns.- 11.1.2 Vertical Light Patterns.- D The Potential of SILVI-STAR.- 12 The Monitoring System as a Tool: Some Examples.- 12.1 Forestry.- 12.2 Fauna Habitat Studies.- 12.3 Pollution Impact.- 12.4 Nature Management.- 12.5 Hydrology.- 12.6 Soil Studies.- 12.7 Vegetation Science.- 13 Scope for Improvements and Further Development.- 13.1 Restrictions of the System.- 13.2 Prospects for Further Development.- 13.2.1 Data Collection.- 13.2.2 Predictive Models.- 13.3 Problems to Solve.- Summary.- References.- Species Index.