Forest Decline and Atmospheric Deposition Effects in the French Mountains

ISBN-13: 9783642795374 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 461 str.

Guy Landmann; Maurice Bonneau

Opis

This volume summarises and assesses the results of a multidisciplinary research programme on forest decline and air pollution (DEFORPA) and a few additional projects carried out in France. It provides easy access to the most relevant data on forest decline and surface water acidification published in France and a balanced view on the relative importance of acidic deposition and other natural (climatic anomalies) and anthropogenic (silviculture) factors in forest decline.

Recenzje

"Guy Landmann and Maurice Bonneau are to be congratulated. There have now been a number of books of this type on forest decline, however, this volume is focused and makes a valuable and unique contribution to the subject." - Environmental Pollution

Spis treści

1: Forest Health and Productivity: Temporal Trends, Relation to Climate, Site and Stand Factors.- 1.1 Ground Monitoring of Crown Condition of Forest Trees in the French Mountains.- 1.1.1 Introduction.- 1.1.2 Brief Description of the French Mountainous Massifs.- 1.1.3 Methodology of the Surveys.- 1.1.3.1 Distribution of Observation Plots.- 1.1.3.2 Assessment Procedures, Training and Quality Assurance.- 1.1.4 Reliability of Observations: Results of a Calibration Exercise.- 1.1.4.1 Methodology and Data Processing.- 1.1.4.2 Main Results and Interpretation.- 1.1.5 Evolution of the Crown Condition of Four Important Mountainous Species.- 1.1.5.1 Silver Fir.- 1.1.5.2 Norway Spruce.- 1.1.5.3 Scots Pine.- 1.1.5.4 Beech.- 1.1.6 General Discussion.- 1.1.6.1 Representativeness of the Survey.- 1.1.6.2 Reliability of Observations.- 1.1.6.3 Comparability with Monitoring Data from Other Countries.- 1.1.6.4 Limitations of Crown Condition as a Health Indicator.- 1.1.6.5 Tentative Interpretation of Recent Changes in Crown Condition: Role of Climate and Unknown Factors.- 1.1.6.6 Recent Versus Historical Declines.- 1.1.7 Summary and Conclusions.- 1.1.8 References.- 1.2 Crown Damage in Norway Spruce and Silver Fir: Relation to Nutritional Status and Soil Chemical Characteristics in the French Mountains.- 1.2.1 Introduction.- 1.2.2 Mineral Nutrition and Forest Condition in the Vosges Mountains.- 1.2.2.1 Deficiency Symptoms and their Time Course.- 1.2.2.2 Regional Survey of Mineral Nutrition.- 1.2.2.3 Medium-Term Evolution of Mineral Nutrition in a Mature Silver Fir Stand.- 1.2.3 Mineral Nutrition and Forest Condition in the Jura.- 1.2.3.1 Deficiency Symptoms and their Time Course.- 1.2.3.2 Regional Survey of Mineral Nutrition.- 1.2.4 Mineral Nutrition and Forest Condition in the Northern Alps.- 1.2.4.1 Deficiency Symptoms and their Time Course.- 1.2.4.2 Regional Survey of Mineral Nutrition.- 1.2.5 Mineral Nutrition and Forest Condition in the Massif Central.- 1.2.5.1 Deficiency Symptoms and their Time Course.- 1.2.5.2 Regional Survey of Mineral Nutrition.- 1.2.5.3 Medium-Term Evolution of Ca, Mg and K Nutrition of Norway Spruce.- 1.2.6 Mineral Nutrition and Forest Condition in the Pyrenees.- 1.2.6.1 Deficiency Symptoms and their Time Course.- 1.2.6.2 Regional Survey of Mineral Nutrition.- 1.2.7 Discussion.- 1.2.7.1 Consistency between General Soil Characteristics and Nutrient Deficiencies.- 1.2.7.2 Deficiency Symptoms: Cause of Damage or Secondary Symptoms?.- 1.2.7.3 Nutrient Deficiency and Crown Damage.- 1.2.7.4 Natural Fluctuations of Nutritional Deficiencies and the Definition of Threshold Values for Visible Symptoms.- 1.2.9 Summary and Conclusions.- 1.2.9 References.- 1.3 Crown Damage in Norway Spruce and Silver Fir: Relation to Site and Stand Factors in the French Mountains.- 1.3.1 Introduction.- 1.3.2 Crown Damage in Relation to Site and Stand Factors in the Vosges Mountains.- 1.3.2.1 Regional Field Survey of Fir Condition (1984).- 1.3.2.2 Regional Remote Sensing Survey of Fir and Spruce Condition (1985).- 1.3.2.3 Local Remote Sensing Survey of Fir and Spruce Condition (1990).- 1.3.2.4 Detailed Field Survey of Fir Condition (1987).- 1.3.2.5 Further Findings.- 1.3.2.6 Diagnosis.- 1.3.3 Crown Damage in Relation to Site and Stand Factorst in he Jura.- 1.3.3.1 Regional Field Survey of Fir Condition (1989).- 1.3.3.2 Diagnosis.- 1.3.4 Crown Damage in Relation to Site Condition in the Northern Alps.- 1.3.4.1 Regional Field Survey of Fir and Spruce Condition (1987).- 1.3.4.2 Diagnosis.- 1.3.5 Further Evidence from Other Mountainous Regions.- 1.3.6 Discussion.- 1.3.6.1 Methodological Aspects of Field Surveys of Forest Damage.- 1.3.6.2 Influence of Site and Stand Factors on Crown Condition in the French Mountains: Ecological Interpretation.- 1.3.6.3 Influence of Site and Stand Factors on Crown Condition Elsewhere in Europe.- 1.3.6.4 Influence of Site and Stand Factors on Crown Condition: Historical Versus Current Views.- 1.3.6.5 Role of Air Pollution, Correlation and Plausibility of Mechanisms.- 1.3.7 Summary and Conclusions.- 1.3.8 References.- 1.4 Growth and Decline Symptoms of Silver Fir and Norway Spruce in Northeastern France: Relation to Climate, Nutrition and Silviculture.- 1.4.1 Introduction.- 1.4.2 Material and Methods.- 1.4.3 Role of Climate in Health and Radial Growth of Silver Fir.- 1.4.3.1 Growth Depressions during the 20th Century.- 1.4.3.2 Importance of Climatic Factors to Radial Growth.- 1.4.4 Stand Dynamics and Defoliation.- 1.4.4.1 Relationships between Defoliation and Radial Growth.- 1.4.4.2 Role of Past Silvicultural Conditions in Present Silver Fir Decline.- 1.4.5 Stand Dynamics and Foliage Yellowing.- 1.4.5.1 Yellowing of Mature Silver Fir Trees.- 1.4.5.2 Yellowing of Mature Norway Spruce Trees.- 1.4.5.3 Yellowing and Height Growth of Young Spruce and Fir Trees.- 1.4.6 Summary and Conclusions.- 1.4.7 References.- 1.5 Long-term Changes in Forest Productivity in Northeastern France: the Dendroecological Approach.- 1.5.1 Introduction.- 1.5.2 Methods.- 1.5.2.1 Standardization from the Regional Mean Relation Between Radial Growth and Cambial Age.- 1.5.2.2 Method Known as “at Constant Cambial Age”.- 1.5.2.3 Analysis of Variance of a Bilinear Model.- 1.5.3 Long-term Radial Growth Trends in Various Coniferous and Broadleaved Trees in Northeastern France.- 1.5.3.1 Tree Species and Regions Studied.- 1.5.3.2 Results.- 1.5.4 Discussion and Conclusions.- 1.5.5 References.- 1.6 Medium-Term Evolution of Forest Productivity in the French Mountains: The Use of National Forest Inventory Data.- 1.6.1 Introduction.- 1.6.2 Methodological Problems.- 1.6.2.1 Specific Problems due to IFN Methods.- 1.6.2.2 Problems Related to the Complexity of Forest Dynamics.- 1.6.3 Evolution of Four Major Species in the French Mountains over the Last Two Decades.- 1.6.3.1 Methods.- 1.6.3.2 Changes in Forest Productivity.- 1.6.4 Discussion.- 1.6.5 References.- 2: Atmospheric Deposition in France;.- 2 Atmospheric Deposition in France and Possible Relation with Forest Decline.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Material and Methods.- 2.3 Wet and Bulk Deposition.- 2.3.1 Acidity.- 2.3.2 Deposition.- 2.3.3 Historical Changes in Emissions.- 2.3.4 Historical Changes in Precipitation Chemistry.- 2.3.5 Variation in the Chemical Composition of Precipitation in Relation to the Composition of the Atmosphere.- 2.3.6 Variation of the Chemical Composition of Precipitation in Relation to its Geographical Origin.- 2.3.7 Variation in Wet Deposition over a Mountain Range: the Vosges Massif.- 2.4 Occult Deposition.- 2.5 Total Deposition Assessed by Throughfall Measurements.- 2.6 Discussion and Conclusion.- 2.7 References.- 3: Effects of Atmospheric Deposition on Forest Nutrient Cycling and Related Effects on Plants.- 3.1 Comparative Hydrochemical Behaviour and Element Budgets of the Aubure (Vosges Massif) and Mont-Lozère (Southern Massif Central) Norway Spruce Forested Catchments.- 3.1.1 Introduction.- 3.1.2 Material and Methods.- 3.1.3 Hydrological Characteristics of the Compared Catchments.- 3.1.4 Comparative Hydrochemical Behaviour of Elements through the Ecosystems.- 3.1.4.1 Chemical Characteristics of Bulk Precipitation and Throughfall.- 3.1.4.2 Chemical Characteristics of Soil Solutions and Streamwaters.- 3.1.5 Input and Output: Comparative Hydrochemical Budgets of the Catchments.- 3.1.6 Discussion.- 3.1.7 Conclusion and Perspectives.- 3.1.8 References.- 3.2 Sulphur Stored in Forest Soils and the Relative Importance of Organic and Inorganic Forms. Examples from Mont Lozère (Southern Massif Central).- 3.2.1 Introduction.- 3.2.2 Methods.- 3.2.3 Sulphur Storage and Relationships with the Main Soil Components.- 3.2.4 The Relative Distribution of Organic and Inorganic Sulphur Forms.- 3.2.5 Organic Sulphur Forms.- 3.2.6 References.- 3.3 Cycling and Budgets of Acidity and Nutrients in Norway Spruce Stands in Northeastern France and the Erzgebirge (Czech Republic).- 3.3.1 Introduction.- 3.3.2 Materials and Methods.- 3.3.2.1 Sites.- 3.3.2.2 Research Sites and Methods.- 3.3.3 Size and Characteristics of the Soil and Biomass Pools.- 3.3.3.1 Soil Analytical Characteristics.- 3.3.3.2 Soil and Biomass Pools of the Basic Cations.- 3.3.4 Sources and Sinks of Acidity.- 3.3.4.1 The Dynamic of Ions Throughout the Ecosystems.- 3.3.4.2 Acidity Sources.- 3.3.4.3 Neutralization of Acidity.- 3.3.5 Nutrient Budgets and their Relationship with Forest Nutrition.- 3.3.6 Synthesis and Conclusion.- 3.3.7 References.- 3.4 Atmospheric Deposition, Forest Management and Soil Nutrient Availability: A Modelling Exercise.- 3.4.1 Introduction.- 3.4.2 Budget of Mineral Elements for a Forest Rotation.- 3.4.3 Effects of a Change in Silviculture and a Reduction in Atmospheric Deposition.- 3.4.3.1 Model Description and Calibration.- 3.4.3.2 Effects of a Change in Silviculture.- 3.4.3.3 Evaluation of the Reduction in Atmospheric Deposition Required in Order to Maintain Wood Production.- 3.4.4 Discussion and Conclusion.- 3.4.5 References.- 3.5 Potential Role of Aluminium Toxicity in Nutrient Deficiencies as Related to Forest Decline: An Assessment of Soil Solution Data from the Vosges Mountains.- 3.5.1 Introduction..- 3.5.2 General Considerations.- 3.5.3 Case Studies in the Vosges Mountains.- 3.5.3.1 General Studies.- 3.5.3.2 Al Speciation and Seasonal Toxicity in a Selected Declining Stand.- 3.5.4 General Discussion and Conclusion.- 3.5.5 References.- 3.6 Water Regime and Magnesium Deficiency : Manipulative Experiments in Young Norway Spruce Stands.- 3.6.1 Introduction.- 3.6.2 Effects of Altered Water Regime and Nutrient Supply on the Foliage Discolouration and Growth of Young Spruce Trees.- 3.6.2.1 Materials and Methods.- 3.6.2.2 Results and Discussion.- 3.6.3 Effects of an Experimental Drought on the Yellowing Status and the Dynamics of Mineral Elements in the Xylem Sap of Declining Spruce.- 3.6.3.1 Materials and Methods.- 3.6.3.2 Results.- 3.6.3.3 Discussion.- 3.6.4 Conclusion.- 3.6.5 References.- 3.7 Fertilization of Declining Conifers in the Vosges and the Ardennes: Effects on Soil, Nutrient Cycling, and Tree Health, Growth and Physiology.- 3.7.1 Introduction.- 3.7.2 Fertilization of Mature Declining Silver Fir and Norway Spruce Stands in the Vosges.- 3.7.2.1 Effects on Crown Condition and Mineral Nutrition.- 3.7.2.2 Effects on Radial Growth.- 3.7.2.3 Effects on Nutrient Cycle in a Spruce Stand.- 3.7.3 Fertilization of a Spruce Stand in the Ardennes: Effects on Growth, Vitality and Nutrient Immobilisation in the Biomass.- 3.7.3.1 Effects on Mineral Nutrition and Stand Health.- 3.7.3.2 Effects on Growth and Nutrient Immobilization in the Biomass.- 3.7.4 Fertilization of Mg Deficient Norway Spruce and Silver Fir Plantations in the Vosges.- 3.7.4.1 Effects on Mineral Nutrition.- 3.7.4.2 Effects on Foliage Discolouration.- 3.7.4.3 Effects on Height Growth.- 3.7.4.4 Effects on Photosynthetic Performance of Young Spruce Trees.- 3.7.5 Discussion and Conclusions.- 3.7.6 References.- 4: The Role of Biotic Factors in Forest Decline.- 4,1 Role of Rhizospheric Microfungi in the Decline of Norway Spruce in Acidic Soils.- 4.1.1 Introduction.- 4.1.2 Survey of the Health of Fine Roots in Mature Spruce Stands in the Vosges.- 4.1.3 Experimental Evidence of a Soil-Borne Microflora Associated with Spruce Decline in the Donon (Vosges).- 4.1.4 Evidence of a Soil Deleterious Microflora Associated with Spruce Decline in the Vosges and Other Regions.- 4.1.5 Microfungi Communities in the Soil of a Declining Spruce Stand in the Vosges: Isolation of Deleterious Microfungi and Effect of CaMg Fertilization.- 4.1.6 Artificial Acidification of a Soil from a Healthy Stand.- 4.1.7 Conclusion.- 4.1.8 References.- 4.2 Role of Armillaria in the Decline of Silver Fir in the Vosges and the Massif Central (Short Report).- 4.2.1 Introduction.- 4.2.2 Material and Methods.- 4.2.2.1 The Studied Stands.- 4.2.2.2 Selection of the Trees.- 4.2.2.3 Root Examination.- 4.2.2.4 Identification of the Fungi (Basidiomycetes Only).- 4.2.3 Results.- 4.2.3.1 Fir Radial Growth in the Auvergne Region.- 4.2.3.2 Health Status of the Root Bark.- 4.2.3.3 Armillaria Infections.- 4.2.4 Conclusion.- 4.2.4.1 Limited Lesions.- 4.2.4.2 Lesions with Rapidly Expanding Mycelium.- 4.2.5 References.- 5: Effects of Air Pollution on Surface Waters and Lichens.- 5,1 Relationship Between Lake-Water Acidification in the Vosges Mountains and SO2 — NOX Emissions in Western Europe.- 5.1.1 Introduction.- 5.1.2 Material and Methods.- 5.1.3 Results.- 5.1.3.1 Evidence for the Atmospheric Contamination of Lakes.- 5.1.3.2 Lake-Water Alkalinity Loss.- 5.1.3.3 Diatom Analysis and pH Reconstruction.- 5.1.4 Conclusions and Prospects.- 5.1.5 References.- 5.2 Surface Water Acidification in the Vosges Mountains: Relation to Bedrock and Vegetation Cover.- 5.2.1 Introduction.- 5.2.2 Material and Methods.- 5.2.3 Results.- 5.2.3.1 Present-Day Acidification: Regional Survey.- 5.2.3.2 Background and Loss of Alkalinity — Prediction of Acidification.- 5.2.3.3 Relationships between Loss of Alkalinity and Environmental Factors.- 5.2.4 Conclusions and Perspectives.- 5.2.5 References.- 5.3 Critical Loads of Acidity to Streamwaters in the Vosges Mountains: Biological Criteria.- 5.3.1 Introduction.- 5.3.2 Material and Methods.- 5.3.3 Results: the Critical Limits.- 5.3.4 Discussion and Conclusions.- 5.3.5 References.- 5.4 Epiphytic Lichen Flora and Bark Characteristics (pH, Conductivity) in Relation to Forest Decline in the Northern Alps.- 5.4.1 Introduction.- 5.4.2 Methods.- 5.4.2.1 Criteria of Tree Decline.- 5.4.2.2 Assessment of Abundance of the Lichen Flora.- 5.4.2.3 Bark Physico-Chemical Characteristics.- 5.4.2.4 Statistical Methods Used.- 5.4.3 Tree Vitality, Bark Characteristics and Epiphytic Lichens.- 5.4.3.1 Bark Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Tree Decline.- 5.4.3.2 Analysis of the Lichen Flora as a Function of Decline.- 5.4.3.3 Relationships between Lichens and Bark Characteristics.- 5.4.4 Discussion and Conclusions.- 5.4.5 References.- 6: Forest Decline and Air Pollution Effects in the French Mountains: A Synthesis.- 6: Forest Decline and Air Pollution Effects in the French Mountains: A Synthesis.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2. Air Pollution Effects on Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems.- 6.2.1 Effects on Above-Ground Parts of Trees.- 6.2.2 Effects of Atmospheric Deposition on Nutrient Cycling, Forest Soils and Tree Nutrition.- 6.2.3 Effects on Surface Water and Ground Water.- 6.2.4 Changes in the Forest Ground Layer Vegetation.- 6.3 Forest Declines: Role of Air Pollution and Other Anthropogenic and Natural Factors.- 6.3.1 Yellowing and Related Decline of Spruce and Fir on Acidic Substrata.- 6.3.2 Yellowing of Fir and Spruce on Ca-Rich Substrata.- 6.3.3 Crown Thinning of Fir and Spruce in Mountainous Areas.- 6.4. Forest Health: a Long-Term Perspective.- 6.4.1 Evidence for a Large-Scale Unprecedented Forest Decline.- 6.4.2 Forest Decline and Long-Term Growth Increase.- 6.5 Concluding Remarks.- 6.6 Future Research Perspectives.- 6.7 References.