Flow-Induced Vibration Handbook for Nuclear and Process Equipment

ISBN-13: 9781119810964 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 496 str.

Michel J. Pettigrew; Colette E. Taylor; Nigel J. Fisher

Spis treści

Preface xvAcknowledgments xviiContributors xix1 Introduction and Typical Vibration Problems 1Michel J. Pettigrew1.1 Introduction 11.2 Some Typical Component Failures 21.3 Dynamics of Process System Components 91.3.1 Multi-Span Heat Exchanger Tubes 91.3.2 Other Nuclear and Process Components 10Notes 10References 102 Flow-Induced Vibration of Nuclear and Process Equipment: An Overview 13Michel J. Pettigrew and Colette E. Taylor2.1 Introduction 132.1.1 Flow-Induced Vibration Overview 132.1.2 Scope of a Vibration Analysis 142.2 Flow Calculations 142.2.1 Flow Parameter Definition 142.2.2 Simple Flow Path Approach 152.2.3 Comprehensive 3-D Approach 162.2.4 Two-Phase Flow Regime 182.3 Dynamic Parameters 182.3.1 Hydrodynamic Mass 182.3.2 Damping 192.4 Vibration Excitation Mechanisms 252.4.1 Fluidelastic Instability 252.4.2 Random Turbulence Excitation 272.4.3 Periodic Wake Shedding 312.4.4 Acoustic Resonance 342.4.5 Susceptibility to Resonance 352.5 Vibration Response Prediction 362.5.1 Fluidelastic Instability 372.5.2 Random Turbulence Excitation 382.5.3 Periodic Wake Shedding 382.5.4 Acoustic Resonance 382.5.5 Example of Vibration Analysis 382.6 Fretting-Wear Damage Considerations 402.6.1 Fretting-Wear Assessment 402.6.2 Fretting-Wear Coefficients 412.6.3 Wear Depth Calculations 422.7 Acceptance Criteria 422.7.1 Fluidelastic Instability 422.7.2 Random Turbulence Excitation 432.7.3 Periodic Wake Shedding 432.7.4 Tube-to-Support Clearance 432.7.5 Acoustic Resonance 432.7.6 Two-Phase Flow Regimes 43Note 43References 443 Flow Considerations 47John M. Pietralik, Liberat N. Carlucci, Colette E. Taylor, and Michel J. Pettigrew3.1 Definition of the Problem 473.2 Nature of the Flow 483.2.1 Introduction 483.2.2 Flow Parameter Definitions 503.2.3 Vertical Bubbly Flow 543.2.4 Flow Around Bluff Bodies 553.2.5 Shell-Side Flow in Tube Bundles 563.2.6 Air-Water versus Steam-Water Flows 633.2.7 Effect of Nucleate Boiling Noise 633.2.8 Summary 673.3 Simplified Flow Calculation 673.4 Multi-Dimensional Thermalhydraulic Analysis 743.4.1 Steam Generator 743.4.2 Other Heat Exchangers 78Acronyms 81Nomenclature 81Subscripts 82Notes 83References 834 Hydrodynamic Mass, Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes 87Daniel J. Gorman, Colette E. Taylor, and Michel J. Pettigrew4.1 Introduction 874.2 Total Tube Mass 884.2.1 Single-Phase Flow 894.2.2 Two-Phase Flow 904.3 Free Vibration Analysis of Straight Tubes 934.3.1 Free Vibration Analysis of a Single-Span Tube 944.3.2 Free Vibration Analysis of a Two-Span Tube 974.3.3 Free Vibration Analysis of a Multi-Span Tube 994.4 Basic Theory for Curved Tubes 1004.4.1 Theory of Curved Tube In-Plane Free Vibration 1024.4.2 Theory of Curved Tube Out-of-Plane Free Vibration 1044.5 Free Vibration Analysis of U-Tubes 1054.5.1 Setting Boundary Conditions for the In-Plane Free Vibration Analysis of U-Tubes Possessing Geometric Symmetry 1064.5.2 Development of the In-Plane Eigenvalue Matrix for a Symmetric U-Tube 1094.5.3 Generation of Eigenvalue Matrices for Out-of-Plane Free Vibration Analysis of U-Tubes Possessing Geometric Symmetry 1094.5.4 Free Vibration Analysis of U-Tubes Which Do Not Possess Geometric Similarity 1124.6 Concluding Remarks 114Nomenclature 115References 1165 Damping of Cylindrical Structures in Single-Phase Fluids 119Michel J. Pettigrew5.1 Introduction 1195.2 Energy Dissipation Mechanisms 1195.3 Approach 1235.4 Damping in Gases 1245.4.1 Effect of Number of Supports 1275.4.2 Effect of Frequency 1285.4.3 Vibration Amplitude 1285.4.4 Effect of Diameter or Mass 1285.4.5 Effect of Side Loads 1285.4.6 Effect of Higher Modes 1295.4.7 Effect of Support Thickness 1295.4.8 Effect of Clearance 1325.5 Design Recommendations for Damping in Gases 1325.6 Damping in Liquids 1335.6.1 Tube-to-Fluid Viscous Damping 1335.6.2 Damping at the Supports 1365.6.3 Squeeze-Film Damping 1385.6.4 Damping due to Sliding 1415.6.5 Semi-Empirical Formulation of Tube-Support Damping 1435.7 Discussion 1475.8 Design Recommendations for Damping in Liquids 1485.8.1 Simple Criterion Based on Available Data 1485.8.2 Criterion Based on the Formulation of Energy Dissipation Mechanisms 148Nomenclature 149Subscripts 150References 1516 Damping of Cylindrical Structures in Two-Phase Flow 155Michel J. Pettigrew and Colette E. Taylor6.1 Introduction 1556.2 Sources of Information 1556.3 Approach 1576.4 Two-Phase Flow Conditions 1586.4.1 Definition of Two-Phase Flow Parameters 1586.4.2 Flow Regime 1616.5 Parametric Dependence Study 1626.5.1 Effect of Flow Velocity 1636.5.2 Effect of Void Fraction 1636.5.3 Effect of Confinement 1686.5.4 Effect of Tube Mass 1686.5.5 Effect of Tube Vibration Frequency 1686.5.6 Effect of Tube Bundle Configuration 1696.5.7 Effect of Motion of Surrounding Tubes 1696.5.8 Effect of Flow Regime 1706.5.9 Effect of Fluid Properties 1716.6 Development of Design Guidelines 1726.7 Discussion 1776.7.1 Damping Formulation 1776.7.2 Two-Phase Damping Mechanisms 1776.8 Summary Remarks 178Nomenclature 178Subscripts 179Note 179References 1807 Fluidelastic Instability of Tube Bundles in Single-Phase Flow 183Michel J. Pettigrew and Colette E. Taylor7.1 Introduction 1837.2 Nature of Fluidelastic Instability 1837.3 Fluidelastic Instability: Analytical Modelling 1857.4 Fluidelastic Instability: Semi-Empirical Models 1867.5 Approach 1917.6 Important Definitions 1917.6.1 Tube Bundle Configurations 1917.6.2 Flow Velocity Definition 1917.6.3 Critical Velocity for Fluidelastic Instability 1967.6.4 Damping 1977.6.5 Tube Frequency 1987.7 Parametric Dependence Study 1987.7.1 Flexible versus Rigid Tube Bundles 1987.7.2 Damping 2017.7.3 Pitch-to-Diameter Ratio, P/D 2017.7.4 Fluidelastic Instability Formulation 2047.8 Development of Design Guidelines 2067.9 In-Plane Fluidelastic Instability 2097.10 Axial Flow Fluidelastic Instability 2127.11 Concluding Remarks 213Nomenclature 214Subscript 214References 2158 Fluidelastic Instability of Tube Bundles in Two-Phase Flow 219Michel J. Pettigrew and Colette E. Taylor8.1 Introduction 2198.2 Previous Research 2198.2.1 Flow-Induced Vibration in Two-Phase Axial Flow 2208.2.2 Flow-Induced Vibration in Two-Phase Cross Flow 2218.2.3 Damping Studies 2218.3 Fluidelastic Instability Mechanisms in Two-Phase Cross Flow 2218.4 Fluidelastic Instability Experiments in Air-Water Cross Flow 2248.4.1 Initial Experiments in Air-Water Cross Flow 2248.4.2 Behavior in Intermittent Flow 2278.4.3 Effect of Bundle Geometry 2298.4.4 Flexible versus Rigid Tube Bundle Behavior 2308.4.5 Hydrodynamic Coupling 2328.5 Analysis of the Fluidelastic Instability Results 2348.5.1 Defining Critical Mass Flux and Instability Constant 2348.5.2 Comparison with Results of Other Researchers 2358.5.3 Summary of Air-Water Tests 2388.6 Tube Bundle Vibration in Two-Phase Freon Cross Flow 2398.6.1 Introductory Remarks 2398.6.2 Background Information 2408.6.3 Experiments in Freon Cross Flow 2408.7 Freon Test Results and Discussion 2448.7.1 Results and Analysis 2448.7.2 Proposed Explanations 2478.7.3 Concluding Remarks 2478.7.4 Summary Findings 2498.8 Fluidelastic Instability of U-Tubes in Air-Water Cross Flow 2508.8.1 Experimental Considerations 2508.8.2 U-Tube Dynamics 2518.8.3 Vibration Response 2518.8.4 Out-of-Plane Vibration 2518.8.5 In-Plane Vibration 2548.9 In-Plane (In-Flow) Fluidelastic Instability 2558.9.1 In-Flow Experiments in a Wind Tunnel 2558.9.2 In-Flow Experiments in Two-Phase Cross Flow 2558.9.3 Single-Tube Fluidelastic Instability Results 2568.9.4 Single Flexible Column and Central Cluster Fluidelastic Instability Results 2588.9.5 Two Partially Flexible Columns 2588.9.6 In-Flow Fluidelastic Instability Results and Discussion 2618.10 Design Recommendations 2618.10.1 Design Guidelines 2618.10.2 Fluidelastic Instability with Intermittent Flow 2638.11 Fluidelastic Instability in Two-Phase Axial Flow 2648.12 Concluding Remarks 265Nomenclature 265Subscripts 266Note 266References 2669 Random Turbulence Excitation in Single-Phase Flow 271Colette E. Taylor and Michel J. Pettigrew9.1 Introduction 2719.2 Theoretical Background 2719.2.1 Equation of Motion 2729.2.2 Derivation of the Mean-Square Response 2739.2.3 Simplification of Tube Vibration Response 2749.2.4 Integration of the Transfer Function 2759.2.5 Use of the Simplified Expression in Developing Design Guidelines 2759.3 Literature Search 2779.4 Approach Taken 2779.5 Discussion of Parameters 2799.5.1 Directional Dependence (Lift versus Drag) 2799.5.2 Bundle Orientation 2799.5.3 Pitch-to-Diameter Ratio (P/D) 2799.5.4 Upstream Turbulence 2809.5.5 Fluid Density (Gas versus Liquid) 2839.5.6 Summary 2839.6 Design Guidelines 2849.7 Random Turbulence Excitation in Axial Flow 287Nomenclature 287References 28810 Random Turbulence Excitation Forces Due to Two-Phase Flow 291Colette E. Taylor and Michel J. Pettigrew10.1 Introduction 29110.2 Background 29110.3 Approach Taken to Data Reduction 29510.4 Scaling Factor for Frequency 29610.4.1 Definition of a Velocity Scale 29710.4.2 Definition of a Length Scale 29810.4.3 Dimensionless Reduced Frequency 30110.4.4 Effect of Frequency 30110.5 Scaling Factor for Power Spectral Density 30210.5.1 Effect of Flow Regime 30210.5.2 Effect of Void Fraction 30410.5.3 Effect of Mass Flux 30610.5.4 Effect of Tube Diameter 30610.5.5 Effect of Correlation Length 30610.5.6 Effect of Bundle and Tube-Support Geometry 30710.5.7 Effect of Two-Phase Mixture 30810.5.8 Effect of Nucleate Boiling 31010.6 Dimensionless Power Spectral Density 31110.7 Upper Bounds for Two-Phase Cross Flow Dimensionless Spectra 31410.7.1 Bubbly Flow 31410.7.2 Churn Flow 31510.7.3 Intermittent Flow 31610.8 Axial Flow Random Turbulence Excitation 31810.9 Conclusions 323Nomenclature 324References 32511 Periodic Wake Shedding and Acoustic Resonance 329David S. Weaver, Colette E. Taylor, and Michel J. Pettigrew11.1 Introduction 32911.2 Periodic Wake Shedding 33211.2.1 Frequency: Strouhal Number 33211.2.2 Calculating Tube Resonance Amplitudes 33511.2.3 Fluctuating Force Coefficients in Single-Phase Flow 33611.2.4 Fluctuating Force Coefficients in Two-Phase Flow 33811.2.5 The Effect of Bundle Orientation and P/D on Fluctuating Force Coefficients 34611.2.6 The Effect of Void Fraction and Flow Regime on Fluctuating Force Coefficients 34711.3 Acoustic Resonance 35411.3.1 Acoustic Natural Frequencies 35411.3.2 Equivalent Speed of Sound 35511.3.3 Acoustic Natural Frequencies (fa)n 35611.3.4 Frequency Coincidence -- Critical Velocities 35611.3.5 Damping Criteria 35811.3.6 Sound Pressure Level 36111.3.7 Elimination of Acoustic Resonance 36411.4 Conclusions and Recommendations 366Nomenclature 367References 36912 Assessment of Fretting-Wear Damage in Nuclear and Process Equipment 373Michel J. Pettigrew, Metin Yetisir, Nigel J. Fisher, Bruce A.W. Smith, and Victor P. Janzen12.1 Introduction 37312.2 Dynamic Characteristics of Nuclear Structures and Process Equipment 37412.2.1 Heat Exchangers 37412.2.2 Nuclear Structures 37512.3 Fretting-Wear Damage Prediction 37612.3.1 Time-Domain Approach 37612.3.2 Energy Approach 38012.4 Work-Rate Relationships 38012.4.1 Shear Work Rate and Mechanical Power 38012.4.2 Vibration Energy Relationship 38112.4.3 Single Degree-of-Freedom System 38112.4.4 Multi-Span Beams Under Harmonic Excitation 38212.4.5 Response to Random Excitation 38212.4.6 Work-Rate Estimate: Summary 38412.5 Experimental Verification 38412.6 Comparison to Time Domain Approach 38512.7 Practical Applications: Examples 38612.8 Concluding Remarks 392Nomenclature 392Note 393References 39413 Fretting-Wear Damage Coefficients 397Nigel J. Fisher and Fabrice M. Guérout13.1 Introduction 39713.2 Fretting-Wear Damage Mechanisms 39713.2.1 Impact Fretting Wear 39713.2.2 Trends 39813.2.3 Work-Rate Model 40213.3 Experimental Considerations 40413.3.1 Experimental Studies 40413.3.2 Room-Temperature Test Data 40413.3.3 High-Temperature Experimental Facility 40713.3.4 Wear Volume Measurements 40913.4 Fretting Wear of Zirconium Alloys 40913.4.1 Introduction 40913.4.2 Experimental Set-Up 41013.4.3 Effect of Vibration Amplitude and Motion Type 41213.4.4 Effect of Pressure-Tube Pre-Oxidation and Surface Preparation 41213.4.5 Effect of Temperature 41213.4.6 Effect of pH Control Additive and Dissolved Oxygen Content 41313.4.7 Discussions 41413.5 Fretting Wear of Heat Exchanger Materials 41713.5.1 Work-Rate Model and Wear Coefficient 41713.5.2 Effect of Test Duration 41913.5.3 Effect of Temperature 42213.5.4 Effect of Water Chemistry 42413.5.5 Effect of Tube-Support Geometry and Tube Materials 42613.5.6 Discussion 42713.6 Summary and Recommendations 429Nomenclature 429Notes 429References 430Component Analysis 433Introduction 433Analysis of a Process Heat Exchanger 435Analysis of a Nuclear Steam Generator U-Bend 445Subject Index 463

O autorze

Michel J. Pettigrew is Adjunct Professor at Ecole Polytechnique in Montreal, Canada and Principal Research Engineer (Emeritus) at the Chalk River Laboratories of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited.Colette E. Taylor, now retired, served as the General Manager of Engineering and Chief Engineer at Canadian Nuclear Laboratories.Nigel J. Fisher, now retired, served as Manager of the Inspection, Monitoring and Dynamics Branch and Senior Research Engineer at the Chalk River Laboratories of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited.