Flight Theory and Aerodynamics: A Practical Guide for Operational Safety

ISBN-13: 9781119772392 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 480 str.

Joseph R. Badick; Brian A. Johnson; Charles E. Dole

Spis treści

Preface xiAbout the Authors xiiiAbout the Companion Website xv1 Introduction to the Flight Environment 1Chapter Objectives 1Introduction 2Basic Quantities 2Forces 3Mass 4Scalar and Vector Quantities 5Moments 7Equilibrium Conditions 8Newton's Laws of Motion 8Linear Motion 9Rotational Motion 11Energy and Work 11Power 12Friction 13Symbols 14Key Terms 15Problems 162 Atmosphere, Altitude, and Airspeed Measurement 19Chapter Objectives 19Properties of the Atmosphere 19ICAO Standard Atmosphere 24Altitude Measurement 24Continuity Equation 29Bernoulli's Equation 30Airspeed Measurement 31Symbols 38Key Terms 39Problems 403 Structures, Airfoils, and Aerodynamic Forces 43Chapter Objectives 43Aircraft Structures 43Airfoils 52Development of Forces on Airfoils 58Aerodynamic Force 59Aerodynamic Pitching Moments 61Aerodynamic Center 63Accident Brief: Air Midwest Flight 5481 63Symbols 64Key Terms 64Problems 654 Lift 69Chapter Objectives 69Introduction to Lift 69Angle of Attack 70Boundary Layer Theory 71Reynolds Number 74Adverse Pressure Gradient 76Airflow Separation 77Stall 78Aerodynamic Force Equations 79Lift Equation 80Airfoil Lift Characteristics 84High Coefficient of Lift Devices 85Effect of Ice and Frost 89Lift During Flight Maneuvers 90Symbols 93Key Terms 93Problems 935 Drag 97Chapter Objectives 97Induced Drag 98Ground Effect 105Laminar Flow Airfoils 109Parasite Drag 110Drag Equation 114Total Drag 115Lift-to-Drag Ratio 117Drag Reduction 119Symbols 121Key Terms 122Problems 1226 Jet Aircraft Performance 125Chapter Objectives 125Thrust-Producing Aircraft 126Thrust-Required Curve 129Principles of Propulsion 130Thrust-Available Turbojet Aircraft 132Specific Fuel Consumption 133Fuel Flow 136Thrust-Available/Thrust-Required Curves 137Items of Aircraft Performance 139Variations in the Thrust-Required Curve 146Symbols 156Key Terms 157Problems 1577 Propeller Aircraft Performance 161Chapter Objectives 161Power Available 162Principles of Propulsion 166Power-Required Curves 169Items of Aircraft Performance 175Variations in the Power-Required Curve 183Symbols 193Key Terms 194Problems 1948 Takeoff Performance 199Chapter Objectives 199Normal Takeoff 201Improper Liftoff 206Rejected Takeoffs 207Initial Climb 213Linear Motion 215Factors Affecting Takeoff Performance 218Symbols 224Key Terms 224Problems 2259 Landing Performance 229Chapter Objectives 229Prelanding Performance 231Normal Landing 238Improper Landing Performance 244Hazards of Hydroplaning 247Landing Deceleration, Velocity, and Distance 250Landing Equations 255Symbols 260Key Terms 260Problems 26110 Slow-Speed Flight 265Chapter Objectives 265Region of Reversed Command 266Stalls 270Spins 278Hazards During Slow-Speed Flight - Low-Level Wind Shear 283Aircraft Performance in Low-Level Wind Shear 285Hazards During Slow-Speed Flight - Wake Turbulence 289Key Terms 292Problems 29211 Maneuvering Performance 295Chapter Objectives 295General Turning Performance 295Load Factor 297The V-G Diagram (Flight Envelope) 303Load Factor and Flight Maneuvers 308Symbols 316Key Terms 316Problems 31712 Longitudinal Stability and Control 319Chapter Objectives 319Definitions 320Oscillatory Motion 322Weight and Balance 323Airplane Reference Axes 328Static Longitudinal Stability 329Dynamic Longitudinal Stability 341Pitching Tendencies in a Stall 342Longitudinal Control 345Symbols 347Key Terms 347Problems 34813 Directional and Lateral Stability 351Chapter Objectives 351Static Directional Stability 352Directional Control 359Multi-Engine Flight Principles 364Lateral Stability and Control 368Static Lateral Stability 368Lateral Control 374Dynamic Directional and Lateral Coupled Effects 374Symbols 380Key Terms 380Problems 38014 High-Speed Flight 385Chapter Objectives 385The Speed of Sound 386High-Subsonic Flight 389Design Features for High-Subsonic Flight 390Transonic Flight 395Supersonic Flight 399Symbols 411Key Terms 411Problems 41215 Rotary-Wing Flight Theory 415Chapter Objectives 415Momentum Theory of Lift 417Airfoil Selection 417Forces on Rotor System 418Thrust Development 420Hovering Flight 420Ground Effect 423Rotor Systems 425Dissymmetry of Lift in Forward Flight 426High Forward Speed Problems 429Helicopter Control 432Helicopter Power-Required Curves 433Power Settling, Settling with Power, and Vortex Ring State 435Autorotation 437Dynamic Rollover 440Problems 440Answers to Problems 443Bibliography 447Index 451

O autorze

JOSEPH R. BADICK is an Adjunct Faculty Member with Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, now retired from Guilford Technical Community College. He has over 30 years of experience as an Aeronautical Engineer Duty Officer in the U.S. Navy and over forty years of flight experience in both single and multi-engine land/seaplane aircraft, with an airline transport certificate.BRIAN A. JOHNSON is an Adjunct Faculty Member in the Aeronautical Science Department of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. Additionally, he is a former regional airline and corporate pilot who holds an airline transport pilot certificate with a multi-engine rating.