Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials

ISBN-13: 9781468421507 / Angielski / Miękka / 2013 / 457 str.

Opis

Flammability has been recognized as an increasingly important social and scientific problem. Fire statistics in the United States (Report of the National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control. "America Burning: ' 1973) emphasized the vast devastation to life and property--12.000 lives lost annually due to fire. and these deaths are usually caused by inhaling smoke or toxic gases: 300.000 fire injuries: 11.4 billion dollars in fire cost at which 2.7 billion dollars is related to property loss: a billion dollars to burn injury treatment: and 3.3 billion dollars in productivity loss. It is obvious that much human and economic misery can be attributed to fire situations. In relation to this. polymer flammability has been recognized as an in- creasingly important social and scientific problem. The development of flame-retardant polymeric materials is a current example where the initia- tive for major scientific and technological developments is motivated by sociological pressure and legislation. This is part of the important trend toward a safer environment and sets a pattern for future example. Flame retardancy deals with our basic everyday life situations-housing. work areas. transportation. clothing and so forth-the "macroenvironment" capsule within which "homosapiens" live. As a result. flame-retardant polymers are now emerging as a specific class of materials leading to new and diversified scientific and technological ventures.

Spis treści

1Combustion of Polymers and Its Retardation.- 2 Brief Description of the Phases of Polymer Degradation and Combustion.- 2.1 Thermal Degradation of Polymers.- 2.2 Thermal-Oxidative Degradation of Polymers.- 3. Analysis of the Combustion Process and Pertinent Aspects of Flame Retardation.- 3.1 Basic Features of Flame Retardancy.- 3.2 Additional Features of Flame-Retarding Compositions.- 3.3 Polymer Properties Which Affect the Heating and Combustion Processes.- 4. Semiquantitative Evaluation of Polymer Flammability: The Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI).- 2Technology and Test Methods of Flameproofing of Cellulosics.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Nondurable Flame Retardants.- 2.1 Group I.- 2.2 Group II.- 2.3 Group III.- 3. Semidurable Flame Retardants.- 3.1. Titanium and Antimony Compounds.- 3.2. Metallic Oxide and Halogenated Organic Binder Compositions.- 4 Flame-Resistant Cotton Flote.- 5 Durable Flame Retardants.- 5.1 Phosphorylation.- 5.2 Sulfation.- 5.3 Combined Sulfation-Phosphorylation.- 5.4 Mesylation and Tosylation.- 5.5 Phosphoric and Phosphorous Acid Derivatives.- 5.6 Phosphonitrilic Halides and Their Derivatives.- 5.7 Phosphines and Phosphine Oxides.- 5.8 Phosphonium Salts.- 5.9 Phosphinic Acid and Its Derivatives.- 5.10 Phosphonic Acid Derivatives.- 5.11 Phosphorus-Containing Triazines.- 6. Halogens as Flame Retardants.- 6.1 Activity of Bromine and Chlorine Compounds.- 6.2 Synergism.- 6.3 Brominated Lignin and Cellulose.- 7. Flame-Retardant Treatment of Wood, Board, and Paper.- 7.1 Flame-Retardant Requirements.- 7.2 Treating Processes.- 7.3 Properties of Flame-Retardant Wood.- 7.4 Recent Developments.- 8. Testing Methods.- 8.1 Textiles.- 8.2 Testing of Paper and Paper Laminates.- 8.3 Wood-Base Materials.- 8.4 Need for Flammability Testing of Environment.- 9. References.- 3 Flame Retardance of Protein Fibers.- 1 The Structure of Protein Fibers.- 2 Flammability of Wool.- 3 Mechanism of Thermal Degradation and Combustion.- 4 Smoke Emission and Toxic Fumes.- 5 Mechanism of Flame Retardancy.- 6 Flame-Retardant Treatments.- 6.1. Nondurable Treatments.- 6.2 Phosphorus-Based Treatments.- 6.3 Metal Compounds.- 6.4 Chemical Modification of Wool.- 6.5 Wool Flame-Resistant Man-Made Fiber Blends.- 7. References.- 4 Flame-Retardant Polyethylene Terephthalate Fibers.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Nonreactive Additives.- 2.1 Halogen.- 2.2 Phosphorus.- 2.3 Phosphorus-Halogen Combinations.- 2.4 Special Techniques.- 3 Ethylene Terephthalate Copolymers.- 4 Fiber and Fabric Treatments.- 5 Fabric Flammability.- 6 References.- 5 Flame Retardance of Rubbers.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Nature of Burning of Rubber.- 3 Flammability Testing.- 4 Smoke Generation.- 5 Flame Retardancy of Rubbers.- 6 Commercial Rubbers.- 6.1 Natural Rubber (NR).- 6.2 Synthetic m-Polyisoprene.- 6.3 SBR.- 6.4 Polybutadiene Rubber.- 6.5 Butyl.- 6.6 EPMandEPDM.- 6.7 Nitrile.- 6.8 Neoprene.- 6.9 Thiokol.- 6.10 Chlorohydrin Rubbers (ECO).- 6.11 Silicone Rubbers (MQR).- 6.12 Hypalon Rubber (CSM).- 6.13 Fluorocarbon Rubber (FKM).- 7. Conclusion.- 8. References.- 6 Retardation of Combustion of Polyamides.- 1.Introduction.- 2. Factors Affecting the Combustion and Related Processes of Polyamides.- 2.1 Heating.- 2.2 Transitions.- 2.3 Degradation.- 2.4 Decomposition.- 2.5 Oxidation.- 2.6 Ignition.- 2.7 Combustion.- 2.8 Propagation.- 3. Thermal and Thermal-Oxidative Degradation of Different Polyamides.- 3.1 Nylon6, 6-6, and 6-10.- 3.2 Less Common Polyamides.- 4. Assessment of Physicochemical Changes in Degrading Polyamides.- 4.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA).- 4.2 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA).- 4.3 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR).- 4.4 Mass Spectrometry (MS).- 4.5 Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography (P-GC).- 4.6 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR).- 4.7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR).- 4.8 Other Techniques.- 5. Stabilization Against Combustion.- 5.1 Use of Additive-Type Stabilizers and Flame Retardants.- 5.2 Modification of Existing Polyamides.- 5.3 Synthesis of Structurally Modified Polyamides.- 5.4 Synthesis of High-Temperature Polyamides.- 6. New Trends.- 7. Conclusion.- 8. References.- 7 Relationship Between Chemical Structure and Flammability Resistance of Polyurethanes.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Effect of Structure on Flammability of Urethane Foams.- 2 Modified Urethane Foams.- 4 References.- 8 Retardation of Combustion of Phenolic, Urea-Formaldehyde, Epoxy, and Related Resin Systems.- 1 Introduction.- 2. Phenolic Resins.- 2.1. Flame Retardation in Phenolic Resins.- 3. Furan Resins.- 3.1. Flame Retardation in Furan Resins.- 4. Urea-Formaldehyde Resins.- 4.1. Flame-Retardation Applications of Urea-Formaldehyde Resins.- 5. Melamine Resins.- 5.1. Flame-Retardation Applications of Melamine Resins.- 6. Epoxy Resins.- 6.1. Flame Retardation in Epoxy Resins.- 7. Summary.- 8. References.- 9 Candle-Type Test for Flammability of Polymers.- 1. Flammability Measurements.- 2. Critical Oxygen Indexes of Polymers.- 2.1. Effect of Some Variables on the Oxygen Index.- 3. A Candle Model of a Burning Polymer.- 4. Polyethylene Burning and a Possible Limitation of the Candle Model.- 5. Modes of Inhibiting the Flammability of Candle-Burning Polymers.- 6. Inhibition by Antimony.- 7. Inhibition by Chlorine.- 8. Inhibition by Dripping.- 9. Inhibition by Fillers.- 10. References.- 10 Flame-Retardant Organic Coatings.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Architectural Coatings.- 2.1 Nonintumescent Flame-Retardant Coatings.- 2.2 Intumescent Coatings.- 3. Fabric Coatings.- 3.1 Polyvinyl Chloride Fabric Coatings.- 3.2 Polyurethane Fabric Coatings.- 3.3Other Coatings Suitable for Fabrics.- 4. Heat-Resistant Organic Coatings.- 4.1 Polyimide Coatings.- 4.2 Silicone Coatings.- 4.3 Fluoropolymers.- 5. References.