Flame - Retardant Polymeric Materials: Volume 3

ISBN-13: 9781475701142 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 238 str.

Lewin, Menachem

Opis

Flammability has been recognized as an increasingly important social and scientific problem. Fire statistics in the United States (Report on the National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control, "America Burning," 1973) emphasized the vast devastation to life and property-12,000 lives lost annually due to fire and these deaths are usually caused by inhaling smoke or toxic gases; 300,000 fire injuries; 11. 4 billion dollars in fire cost of which 2. 7 billion dollars is related to property loss; a billion dollars to burn injury treatment; and 3. 3 billion dollars in productivity loss. It is obvious that much human and economic misery can be attributed to fire situations. In relation to this, polymer flammability has been recognized as an increasingly important social and scientific problem. The development of flame-retardant polymeric materials is a current example where the initiative for major scientific and technological developments is motivated by sociological pressure and legisla- tion. This is part of the important trend toward a safer environment and sets a pattern for future example. Flame retardancy deals with our basic everyday life situations-housing, work areas, transportation, clothing and so forth- the "macroenvironment" capsule within which "homosapiens" live. As a result, flame-retardant polymers are now emerging as a specific class of materials leading to new and diversified scientific and technological ventures.

Spis treści

1 The Flame Retardation of Polyolefins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Flame Retardancy Tests.- 3. Polypropylene.- 4. Polypropylene Copolymers.- 5. Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE).- 6. High-Density Polyethylene.- 7. Cross-Linked Polyethylene.- 8. Ionomers.- 9. Polybutylene.- 10. Ethylene-Propylene-Dimer Rubber.- 11. Ethylene-Propylene-Dimer (EPDM) Rubber Wire and Cable Insulation.- 12. References.- 2 Methods for Reduction of Smoke from Burning Polymers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Smoke.- 2.1. Phenomenon.- 2.2. Smoke Measurement.- 2.3. Factors Affecting Measured Smoke Values.- 3. Smoke Inhibition Technology.- 3.1. Background.- 3.2. Smoke Inhibition in Polymers.- 4. Summary and Conclusions.- 5. References.- 3 Experimental Evaluation of Flammability Parameters of Polymeric Materials.- Abstract.- Objectives.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Experimental Procedures.- 2.1. Sample and Sample Container.- 2.2. Total Flow Rate of Mixture of Air-O2-N2 and Mass Fraction of Oxygen.- 2.3. External Heat Flux.- 2.4. Ignition.- 2.5. Mass Loss Rate.- 2.6. Total Mass Flow Rate of Mixture of Products and Air.- 2.7. Convective Heat Release Rate.- 2.8. Mass Generation Rates of Gaseous Pyrolysis-Combustion Products.- 2.9. Mass Generation Rate of the Pyrolyzate Fraction Collected on a Filter Paper.- 2.10. Optical Transmission Through the Mixture of Pyrolysis-Combustion Products and Air.- 3. Ignition.- 3.1. Concept.- 3.2. Measurements and Calculations.- 3.3. Data for Ignition Parameters.- 3.4. Conclusion.- 4. Mass Loss Rate in the Pyrolysis and Combustion of Polymers.- 4.1. Pyrolysis.- 4.2. Combustion.- 4.3. Conclusions.- 5. Mass Generation (or Depletion) Rates of Products.- 5.1. Concept.- 5.2. Measurements and Calculations.- 5.3. Data for the Distribution of Carbon in the Combustion Products.- 5.4. Conclusions.- 6. Heat Release Rate.- 6.1. Concept.- 6.2. Measurements and Calculations.- 6.3. Data for the Heat Release Rate Fractions.- 6.4. Conclusions.- 7. Optical Transmission Through the Mixture of Pyrolysis-Combustion Products and Air.- 7.1. Concept.- 7.2. Measurements and Calculations.- 7.3. Data for Modified Mass Absorbancy Index of “Pyrolyzate”.- 7.4. Conclusions.- 8. Generation of Toxic Compounds.- 8.1 Concept.- 9. Fire Extinction.- 9.1 Concept.- 10. Nomenclature.- 11. List of Components for Experimental Apparatus.- 12. References.- 4 Flammability Evaluation Methods for Textiles.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Evaluation Methods for Fabrics Which Are Expected to Self-Extinguish.- 2.1. Vertical Tests.- 2.2. Horizontal Tests.- 3. Standards for Both Self-Extinguishing and Flammable Fabrics.- 4. Test Methods for Flammable Fabrics.- 4.1. Flame Spread Rate Tests.- 5. Ignition Time Tests.- 6. Heat Evolution Measurements.- 7. Extinguishability.- 8. Effect of Laundering, Soiling, and Weathering on Flammability.- 9. OI and Other Research Methods.- 10. Evaluation Methods for Specific End-Use Items.- 10.1. Blankets.- 10.2. Carpets.- 10.3. Curtains and Draperies.- 10.4. Mattresses.- 10.5. Upholstered Furniture.- 10.6. Protective Clothing.- 11. Thermal Behavior of Textile Materials.- 12. References.- 5 The Analysis of Polymers and Polymer Degradation Products by Mass Spectrometry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Direct Analysis of Polymers.- 3. Analysis of Polymer Degradation Products.- 3.1. Thermal Degradation.- 3.2. Dielectric Breakdown.- 3.3. Mechanical Stress-Induced Degradation.- 3.4. Photolytic Degradation.- 4. Conclusion.- 5. References.