First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societi es

ISBN-13: 9781119706342 / Angielski / Miękka / 2023 / 368 str.

Peter (Australian National University) Bellwood

Spis treści

List of Figures xiiPreface to the first edition of First Farmers (2005) xvPreface to the second edition of First Farmers (2023) xix1 The Early Farming Dispersal Hypothesis in Perspective 1Introducing the Hypothesis 1The Disciplinary Players 4Broad Perspectives 5Some Thoughts on Causation and Approach 92 The Origins and Dispersals of Food Production 12Matters of Definition 12What Changed with Food Production? 14The Significance of Agriculture: Productivity andPopulation Numbers 15What Were the Practicalities behind Plant Domestication? 20Forager versus Farmer: An Easy Behavioral Choice? 22Why Did Food Production Develop in the First Place? 25Were There Any Regularities in the Origins of Food Production across the World? 27Focusing on the Holocene as an Essential Environmental Background for Food Production 30Agricultural Adoption: The View from Ethnography 32The "Encapsulated" Hunter-Gatherers of Africa and Asia 34The Independent Hunter-Gatherers of Australia, the Andamans, and the Americas 37Hunter-Gatherers with Food-producing Ancestries 40Why Did Ethnographic Hunter-Gatherers Not Become Food Producers? 40To the Archaeological Record 42A Final Observation 433 The Beginnings of Food Production in the Fertile Crescent 49Introducing the Fertile Crescent 49The Fertile Crescent Environment at the Dawn of Agriculture 52The Domestication of Plants in the Fertile Crescent 53The Fertile Crescent Domesticated Animals 56The Hunter-Gatherer Background to Farming in the Fertile Crescent 58The Fertile Crescent Neolithic: The Rise of Villages, Towns, and Food Production 61The Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and Its Contemporaries (c. 9500-8500 BCE) 65The Pre-Pottery Neolithic B and Its Contemporaries (c. 8500-7000 BCE) 68Further Observations on the PPNB World 70The Pre-Pottery Neolithic on the Move: The Zagros, Central Anatolia, and Cyprus 71The Real Turning Point in the Neolithic Revolution 754 The Spreads of Food Production beyond the Fertile Crescent: Europe, the Middle East, and South Asia 81The Spread of the Neolithic Economy through Europe 81Western Anatolia 84The Aegean, Greece, and the Northern Mediterranean Littoral 86The Balkans, and the Danubians of the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) 87Northern Europe 90The British Isles 91The Western Steppes: The Lower Danube to the Urals 92European Neolithic Societies 93Agricultural Dispersals to the East of the Fertile Crescent 94The Indian Subcontinent (South Asia) 97The Domesticated Crops of the Indian Subcontinent 97Regional Trajectories into Food Production in South Asia:The Consequences of Mehrgarh 98Western India: Extending beyond the Harappan 100Southern India 101The Ganges Basin and Northeast India 102Europe and South Asia Compared 1045 Africa: Multiple Routes into Food Production 109Three African Themes 109The African Continent 110Before Farming: The Green Sahara 112The Spread of the Fertile Crescent Agricultural Complex into Egypt 113The North African Littoral 116Pastoralism before Crop Agriculture in Northeastern Africa? 116The Origins of the African Domesticated Plants 118The Appearance of Agriculture in Central and Southern Africa 120A Summary for Africa 1236 The Beginnings of Agriculture in East Asia 127The Environmental Background to Early Agriculture in East Asia 127The Domesticated Plants and Animals of East Asia 129The Cultural Background to Early Agriculture in East Asia 130Where and How the Millets and Rice Became Domesticated 131Agriculture and Migration in China 134The Archaeological Record of the Early Neolithic in the Liao and Yellow River Basins 136The Archaeological Record of the Early Neolithic in the Yangtze Basin 140Demographic Trends in Neolithic China 142Later Developments (Post-5000 BCE) in the Chinese Neolithic 1427 The Dispersals of Food Producers into Southeast Asia and Oceania 150The Hunter-Gatherer Background to the Arrival of Farmers in Mainland Southeast Asia 152The Oldest Neolithic Assemblages in Guangxi and Northern Vietnam 155First Farmers across Mainland Southeast Asia 157Early Farmers in Taiwan and Island Southeast Asia 161The Archaeological Record of Food Production in Island Southeast Asia 164The New Guinea Agricultural Trajectory and Its Role in Pacific Colonization 167Early Farmers as First Settlers in Remote Oceania 1698 Early Agriculture in the Americas 176Some Necessary Background to Early American Food Production 178The Geography of Early Agriculture in the Americas 181Maize 182Other Important Crops 184South America: The Andes 186Amazonia 191Middle America (with Mesoamerica) 193The Southwest USA 196Of Pipelines and Freeways 198Immigrant Mesoamerican Farmers in the US Southwest? 201Independent Agricultural Origins in the Eastern Woodlands 2029 What Do Language Families Mean for Human Prehistory? 212Language Families, and How They Have Evolved 213Text Box; The Austronesian languages and their speakers 214The Identification and Phylogenetic Study of Language Families 217Of Trees and Rakes 220At What Rates Do Languages Change through Time? 222Missing Links? 225How Did Languages and Language Families Spread? 227Languages in Competition: Language Shift 229Where to Next? 23110 The Profound Impact of the Fertile Crescent 235Where Did the Indo-European Family Originate, and When? 235A Pontic Steppes Origin for the Indo-European Languages? 241Elamite and Dravidian, and the Indo-Iranians 244The Afro-Asiatic Language Family 248The Background to a Genetic Perspective 250Genomic Evidence for Neolithic Migration Out of the Fertile Crescent 252Indo-European from the Pontic Steppes? The Genetic Perspective 253Fertile Crescent DNA Heads East 255A New Genetic Perspective on Indo-European Origins? 260Genomic Ancestry and the Afro-Asiatic Language Family 26111 Asia, Oceania, Africa, The Americas 268The East Asian Language Families 268Sino-Tibetan 270Transeurasian 271The Mainland Southeast Asian Language Families 273Austroasiatic 274Kra-Dai (Tai-Kadai) and Hmong-Mien 275Island Southeast Asia and Oceania - Austronesian 276Genomic Perspectives on Early Farmer and Language Family Dispersals in Southern China, Southeast Asia, and Oceania 278Whence the Polynesians and Micronesians? 278Was Taiwan a Likely Genomic Homeland for Austronesian-speaking Populations? 280Which Neolithic Populations in China Contributed Genes to Southeast Asian and Pacific Populations? 281Oceania: The Trans-New Guinea Family 284The African Language Families 285The Nilo-Saharan Family and the Khoisan Language Group 286The Niger-Congo Family, with Its Bantu Subgroup 288The Americas 291Middle America, Mesoamerica, and the US Southwest 293Uto-Aztecan 296South America 298Eastern North America 30212 The Early Farming Dispersal Hypothesis: Two Decades Later 316Index 319

O autorze

PETER BELLWOOD is Emeritus Professor at the Australian National University in Canberra, a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy, and winner of the International Cosmos Prize for 2021. He is the author of dozens of books and papers on topics spanning the field of archaeology, focusing on prehistoric population migration, prehistory of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, and interdisciplinary connections between archaeology, linguistics, and human biology. In addition to First Farmers, he has published two other introductions to anthropology and archaeology with Wiley Blackwell: First Migrants (2013) and First Islanders (2017).