Ferroelectric Phenomena in Crystals: Physical Foundations

ISBN-13: 9783642643408 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 308 str.

Boris A. Strukov; Arkadi P. Levanyuk

Opis

The expansion of the application of ferroelectric crystals in engineering as well as of a number of fundamental problems of solid-state physics, which have not yet been solved and which bear a direct relation to ferro electricity, has lately stimulated much interest in the problem of ferroelectricity. In courses of solid-state physics ferroelectricity is studied today along with traditional disciplines, such as magnetism, superconductivity, and 'semiconducting phe nomena. Moreover, new specialities have been born concerned directly with the development and utilization of ferroelectric material in optics, acous tics, computer technology, and capacitor engineering. Special courses in the physics of ferroelectrics are read in a number of colleges and universities. The study of the nature of ferro electricity has currently reached such a level of development that we may speak of having gained a rather deep insight into the physical essence of a number of phenomena, which contribute to the generation of a spontaneous electric polarization in crystals. It is exactly at this level that it has become possible to single out that part of the problem, the physical picture of which can be depicted in a rather unsophisticated manner and which is the foundation for the construction of a building of "complete understanding.""

Spis treści

1. General Characteristics of Structural Phase Transitions in Crystals.- 1.1 First- and Second-Order Structural Phase Transitions.- 1.2 Structural Phase Transitions of Displacive and Order-Disorder Types.- 1.3 The Domain Structure.- 1.4 Ferroelectric Phase Transitions.- 1.5 Basic Types of Ferroelectric Crystals.- 2. Phenomenological Theory of Second-Order Structural Transitions in Crystals.- 2.1 The Incomplete Thermodynamic Potential.- 2.2 Structural Phase Transitions Described by a One-Component Order Parameter.- 2.3 Structural Phase Transitions Described by Two- and Three-Component Order Parameters.- 3. Proper Ferroelectrics: Anomalies of Physical Properties in Phase Transitions.- 3.1 Anomalies of Thermal and Electrical Properties (One-Component Order Parameter).- 3.2 Anomalies of Electrical Properties (Multicomponent Order Parameter).- 3.3 First-Order Phase Transitions Close to Second-Order Transitions.- 3.4 The Tricritical Point.- 4. Dielectric Anomalies in Structural Nonferroelectric and Improper Ferroelectric Phase Transitions.- 4.1 Nonferroelectric Phase Transitions: Dielectric Anomalies.- 4.2 Improper Ferroelectric Phase Transitions: Dielectric Anomalies.- 5. Anomalies of Elastic and Electromechanical Characteristics of Crystals in Second-Order Phase Transitions.- 5.1 One-Component Order Parameter: Elastic Properties of an Isotropic Liquid.- 5.2 One-Component Order Parameter: Elastic Properties of an Anisotropic Crystal.- 5.3 Ferroelectric-Ferroelastics: One-Component Order Parameter with Transformation Properties of the Component of a Second-Rank Tensor and the Polar Vector.- 5.4 Temperature Dependences of “Morphic” Moduli of Elasticity.- 5.5 Two-Component Order Parameter: Elastic Properties of Crystals.- 5.6 Piezoelectric Effect and Electrostriction in the Case of One-Component Order Parameter and Centrosymmetric Paraelectric Phase.- 5.7 Piezoelectric Effect in the Case of One-Component Order Parameter and Noncentrosymmetric Paraelectric Phase.- 6. Fluctuations of the Order Parameter in Phenomenological Theory.- 6.1 Spatially Inhomogeneous Fluctuations of the Order Parameter in the Incomplete Thermodynamic Potential.- 6.2 Applicability of Landau Theory to Nonferroelectric Structural Phase Transitions.- 6.3 Applicability of Landau Theory to Phase Transitions in Uniaxial Ferroelectrics.- 6.4 Fluctuational Phenomena in Ferroelectric-Ferroelastics and in Phase Transitions in Multiaxial Ferroelectrics.- 7. Structural Phase Transitions in the Single-Ion Model.- 7.1 Problems of the Microscopic Theory.- 7.2 The Single-Ion Model of a Diatomic Crystal.- 7.3 Phase Transitions of Displacive and Order-Disorder Types in the Single-Ion Model.- 7.4 Applicability of the Landau Theory to Phase Transitions of Displacive and Order-Disorder Types.- 8. Statistical Theory of Ferroelectric Phase Transitions of the Order-Disorder Type.- 8.1 The Hamiltonian of a Uniaxial Ferroelectric with an Order-Disorder Phase Transition.- 8.2 The Free Energy of an Order-Disorder Crystal in the Self-Consistent Molecular Field Approximation.- 8.3 Tunneling Effects in Hydrogen-Containing Ferroelectrics.- 8.4 The Cluster Approximation: Crystals of the KH2P04 Group.- 9. Dynamics of Displacive and Order-Disorder Phase Transitions.- 9.1 The Equation of Motion of the Order Parameter.- 9.2 Dynamic Dielectric Constant: Order-Disorder Phase Transitions.- 9.3 Dynamic Dielectric Constant: Displacive Phase Transitions.- 9.4 Microscopic Theory of Dynamic Processes in Displacive Phase Transitions.- 9.5 Microscopic Theory of Dynamic Processes in Order-Disorder Phase Transitions.- 9.6 Dielectric Constant and Soft Mode: The Lyddane-Sachs-Teller Relation.- 10. Domain Structure and Defects.- 10.1 Nucleation of Domains in a Structural Phase Transition.- 10.2 Domain Wall Structure: One-Component Order Parameter.- 10.3 Domain Wall Structure: Two-Component Order Parameter.- 10.4 Motion of the Domain Wall in an Ideal and a Real Crystal.- 10.5 Motion of the Domain Wall: Account of the Discreteness of the Crystal.- 10.6 Domain Walls and Defects.- 10.7 Defects in the Symmetrical Phase.- 10.8 Domains in Proper Ferroelectrics.- 10.9 Domains in Ferroelastics.- 10.10 Domains in Polyaxial Ferroelectrics.- 11. Ferroelectrics with an Incommensurate Phase.- 11.1 Phase Transitions into an Incommensurate Phase.- 11.2 Phenomenological Theory of Phase Transitions into an Incommensurate Phase.- 11.3 Specific Features of Crystal Lattice Vibrations in an Incommensurate Phase.- 11.4 The Incommensurate Phase in a Real Crystal.- 11.5 The Commensurate-Incommensurate Phase Transition: A Special Type of Phase Transition.- 11.6 Evolution of the Structure of the Incommensurate Phase (General Picture).- 11.7 Evolution of the Structure of the Incommensurate Phase (the Continuum Approximation).- 12. Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals.- 12.1 Basic Types of Orientational Ordering in Liquid Crystals.- 12.2 Conditions for Existence of Dipolar Ordering in Liquid Crystals.- 12.3 Phenomenological Theory of Phase Transition SmA* -? SmC*.- 12.4 The Behavior of a Ferroelectric Smectic Liquid Crystal in an External Electric Field.- 13. Crystallochemical Aspects of the Theory of Ferroelectric Phenomena.- 13.1 Calculation of the Constants of the Hamiltonians of Some Crystals.- 13.2 An Approach Based on the Classical Theory of Ionic Crystals.- 14. Recommended Literature.- References.

Blurb

This book is a response to an evident demand for a university textbook on ferroelectricity. The authors discuss the current understanding of the physical nature of ferroelectric phenomena in a consistent and logical form using both phenomenological and microscopic approaches. They present not a descriptive but a conceptual view on the phenomenon and its position in the framework of the more general problem of structural phase transitions. Moreover, the book provides a basis for better understanding of the structural phase transitions themselves. It should be emphasized that the book is self-sufficient in the sense that there are no words like "it can be shown" or "it is easy to see" in it. The level of the book is appropriate for students who seek a deeper understanding of ferroelectric phenomena in dielectrics.