Feedback Ramp Metering in Intelligent Transportation Systems

ISBN-13: 9781461347378 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 333 str.

Pushkin Kachroo; Kaan Ozbay

Opis

Feedback Ramp Metering in Intelligent Transportation Systems is the first book on the topic of using feedback control (also called real-time traffic control or adaptive control by some traffic engineers) in ramp metering. It provides traffic theory fundamentals and then the design of feedback controllers for isolated and coordinated ramp metering problems. Software simulation code in Matlab and Paramics is provided in the book so that the reader can get a hands-on feel for the various algorithms. With a large number of examples, illustrations, and original problems, this book is excellent as a textbook or reference book for a senior or graduate level course on the subject, as well as a reference for researchers in related fields.

Spis treści

1 Introduction.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Intelligent Approach to Congestion Problem: Ramp Metering.- 2.1 Local Ramp Metering Control Strategies.- 2.1.1 Demand Capacity Control.- 2.1.2 Upstream Occupancy Control.- 2.1.3 Gap Acceptance Control.- 2.1.4 Closed-Loop Local Control Strategies.- 2.2 System-wide Ramp Control Strategies.- 3. Ramp Metering Implementations in the USA.- 4. Benefits of Ramp Metering.- 5. Problem Description.- 6. Preliminary Considerations for Using Feedback Control for Ramp Metering.- 7. Effect of Ramp Metering.- 8. Feedback Control.- 8.1 Control Design Steps.- 8.2 Ordinary Differential Equations.- 8.3 Difference Equations.- 8.4 Feedback Control Example.- 9. Summary.- 10. Questions.- 11. Problems.- 12. References.- 2 Distributed Ramp Model.- 1. Conservation Equation.- 2. Density Flow Relationship.- 2.1 Greenshield’s Model.- 2.2 Greenberg’s Model.- 2.3 Underwood’s Model.- 2.4 Northwestern University Model.- 2.5 Drew Model.- 2.6 Pipes Munjal Model.- 2.7 Multi Regime Model.- 2.8 Diffusion Models.- 3. Microscopic Traffic Characteristics.- 4. Classification of PDEs.- 5. Existence of Solution.- 5.1 Traffic Problem.- 6. Method of Characteristics to Solve First order PDEs.- 7. Traffic Shock Wave Propagation.- 8. Traffic Measurements.- 8.1 Time Mean Speed.- 8.2 Space Mean Speed.- 8.3 Time Headway.- 8.4 Space Headway.- 8.5 Flow Measurements.- 8.6 Traffic Density Measurements.- 8.7 Occupancy.- 8.8 Distributed Measurements.- 8.9 Moving Observer Method.- 9. Summary.- 10. Exercises.- 11. References.- 3 Distributed Modeling and Problem Formulation.- 1. System.- 2. Control Objective.- 3. Limitations of the Model.- 3.1 Jam Density.- 3.2 Maximum Queue Length.- 3.3 Negative Density.- 3.4 Negative Queue Length.- 3.5 Traffic Jam Time.- 3.6 Projection Dynamics.- 3.6.1 Right Face.- 3.6.2 Left Face.- 3.6.3 Top face.- 3.6.4 Bottom Face.- 4. Summary.- 5. Questions.- 6. Problems.- 7. References.- 4 Simulation Software for Distributed Model.- 1. Basic Model.- 2. Numerical Algorithm.- 3. Matlab Software.- 4. Simulations.- 5. Limitations.- 5.1 Large Queue Length.- 5.2 Negative Queue Length.- 5.3 Negative Traffic Density on Mainline.- 5.4 Higher than Jam Density.- 5.5 Traffic Diffusion.- 6. Summary.- 7. Questions.- 8. Problems.- 9. References.- 5 Feedback Control Design Using the Distributed Model.- 1. Model Summary.- 2. Control Objective.- 3. Feedback Control Law for the Basic Model.- 3.1 Implementation of the Basic Feedback Control Law.- 3.2 Limitations on Achievable Performance.- 3.3 Software Simulation for the Closed-Loop System.- 3.4 Integral Term in Control.- 3.5 Parametric Effect on Simulations.- 4. Summary.- 5. Questions.- 6. Problems.- 7. References.- 6 Feedback Control Design Using the Distributed Model with Diffusion.- 1. Model Summary of the Diffusion Model.- 2.Control Objective.- 3. Feedback Control Law for the Diffusion Model.- 3.1 Implementation of the Basic Feedback Control Law.- 3.2 Control Discretization.- 3.3 Integral Term.- 3.4 Software Simulation for the Closed-Loop System.- 4. Summary.- 5. Questions.- 6. Problems.- 7. References.- 7 Feedback Control Design for the Distributed Model for Mixed Sensitivity.- 1. Summary of the Basic Model.- 2. Control Objective.- 3. Feedback Control Design.- 4. Software.- 5. Simulation Results.- 6. Summary.- 7. Questions.- 8. Problems.- 9. References.- 8 Feedback Control Design for Coordinated Ramps Using Distributed Modeling.- 1. Coordinated Ramp Metering.- 2. Motivation Example for Isolated Ramp Problem.- 2.1 Control Objective.- 2.2 Feedback Control Design.- 2.3 Simulation Program.- 2.4 Simulation Results.- 2.4.1 Basic Control Law on Basic Model.- 2.4.2 Basic Control Law on Diffusion Model.- 2.4.3 Diffusion Control Law on Diffusion Model.- 2.5 of the Control Objective and the Performance of the Controller.- 3. Coordinated Ramp Control.- 3.1 Control Objective.- 3.2 Feedback Control Design.- 4. Coordinated Mixed Sensitivity Feedback Ramp Control.- 4.1 Control Objective.- 4.2 Feedback Control Design.- 5. Summary.- 6. Questions.- 7. Problems.- 8. References.- 9 Feedback Control Design Using the ODE Model.- 1. Mathematical Model.- 2. Control Objective.- 3. Control Design.- 214.- 3.1.1 Comparison with Wattle worth Model.- 3.1.2 Comparison with ALINEA Model.- 217.- 218.- 219.- 220.- 3.3.3 Overall Control.- 4. Software and Simulation Results.- 5. Coordinated Ramp Control in ODE Setting.- 5.1 Dynamics.- 5.2 Control Design.- 228.- 229.- 230.- 232.- 5.2.5 Overall Control.- 5.2.5.1 Decoupled Control.- 5.2.5.2 Coupled Control Laws.- 5.3 Simulation Files.- 5.4 Simulation Results.- 6. Summary.- 7. Questions.- 8. Problems.- 9. References.- 10 Feedback Control Design Using the Finite Difference Model.- 1. Finite Difference Model.- 2. Control Objective.- 3. Control Design.- 3.1 Control Objective.- 3.2 Control Objective.- 3.2.1 Region.- 3.2.2 Region.- 3.3.3 Overall Control.- 4. Coordinated Ramp Control in ODE Setting.- 4.1 Dynamics.- 4.2 Control Design.- 252.- 254.- 255.- 257.- 4.2.5 Overall Control.- 4.2.5.1 Decoupled Control.- 4.2.5.2 Coupled Control Laws.- 4.3 Simulation Files.- 4.4 Simulation Results.- 5. Summary.- 6. Questions.- 7. Problems.- 8. References.- 11 Nonlinear H?Feedback Control Design Using the ODE Model.- 1. Introduction.- 2. System Modeling.- 2.1 Discretized System Dynamics.- 3. Background (Nonlinear FL Control).- 4. Ramp Control Design.- 4.1 Continuous-Time Case.- 4.1.2 Nonlinear FL Solution for Two Cost Functions.- 4.1.2.1 Derivation of the Optimal Control for Ja.- 4.1.2.2 Derivation of the Optimal Control for Jb.- 4.1.2 Discretization of the Resulting System.- 4.2 Discrete-Time Case.- 5. Software and Simulation Results.- 6. Summary.- 7. Questions.- 8. Problems.- 9. References.- 12 Paramics.- 1. Introduction to PARAMICS.- 2. Advantages of PARAMICS Simulation.- 3. PARAMICS Applications and Validation Studies.- 4. PARAMICS Ramp Metering Applications.- 5. Simulation of the Study Network.- 6. Simulation Results.- 7. Conclusions.- 8. Summary.- 9. Questions.- 10. Problems.- 11. References.