Facing Relativism

ISBN-13: 9783030433390 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 171 str.

Alyssa Luboff

Spis treści

Preface

1. Deep Engagement

1. Introduction

1.0 Relativism and Cultural Diversity at First Glance

1.1 Cultural Diversity without Relativism

1.2 The Turn Toward Relativism

2. Deep Engagement

2.0 A Few Caveats

2.1 Attributive Symmetry

2.2 Reflective Symmetry

2.3 Complexity of Context

2.4 Dangling Pieces

2.5 The First Person

3. How Close Does This Get Us to Relativism?

2. The Relativist, Anti-Relativist Dance

1. Introduction

1.1 A Definition of Relativism

1.2 Details of the Accusations

2. The Relativist ~ Anti-Relativist Dance

2.1 Preface

2.2 The Charge of Self-Refutation

2.2.1 Against Ethical Relativism

2.2.2 Against Epistemic Relativism

2.3 The Relativist’s Response

2.4 The Charge of Incoherence

2.4.1. Against Epistemic Relativism

2.4.2. Against Ethical Relativism

2.5 Tools for a Relativistic Picture

2.5.1. A Relativist Point of View

2.5.2. Relative Content

3. Conclusion

3. Science, Success, and Alternatives

1. The Tension Between Science and Alternative Epistemic Practices

2. The Intuition of a ‘Clear Winner’ and a ‘Clear Loser’

3. Comparing the Fruits of Competing Practices

3.1 A Particular Example

3.2 Why the Intuition Fails

3.3 A Bold Claim

3.4 Success the Other Way Around

4. Comparing the Inner Theoretical Workings of Competing Practices

5. Reassessing the Intuition of Success

4. The Dynamic of Resonance and Loss

1. Introduction

2. Relativism and Ambivalence

3. The Dynamic of Resonance and Loss

3.1. Two Contrasting Epistemic Stances

3.1.1 Relation between Subject and Object

3.1.1a Proximity of Subject and Object

3.1.1b Likeness between Subject and Object

3.1.2 Capturing Knowledge

3.1.2a Process of Gathering Information

3.1.2b Form of Information

3.1.2c Primary Mode of Constituting Knowledge

3.1.3 Calibration of Knowledge

3.1.3a Measurement of Knowledge

3.1.3b Aim of Collecting Knowledge

3.1.3c Value of Knowledge

3.2 Resonance

3.3 Loss

3.3.1 The First Moment: Estrangement

3.3.2 The Second Moment: Pull

4. Assessment is Internal to Stance

5. Relativism and the Success of Science: A Shared Space

5. The Space Where Relativism and Realism Meet

1. The Remaining Objection

2. The Realist Argument against Relativism

3. A Thought Experiment

4. Incompleteness and the Metaphysical Space for a Genuine Variety of Epistemic Practices

5. Reacting to Rich Realism

5.1 Uneasiness about Other Worlds

5.2 The Burden of the Argument

6. The Anti-Relativist’s Response

6.1 The Broad Claim to Comprehensiveness

6.2 The More Limited Claim to Comprehensiveness

7. Fitting Realism and Relativism Together

6. Broad, Compelling, and Coherent Relativism

1. Entrenched Conflict

2. Distinctiveness of Entrenched Conflict

2.1 Not Defined by Polar Opposition of Claims

2.2 Not Dependent on a Reified Concept of Culture

2.3 Not Defined by Complete Untranslatability or Incomprehensibility

2.4 Not an “Anything Goes” View

2.5 Not Defined by Tolerance

2.6 Not an Absolute Claim

3. A Space for Criticism

3.1 Criticism of Others

3.2 Criticism/Construction of Ourselves

4. Conclusion

Bibliography

Index

O autorze

Alyssa Luboff is an independent philosopher living in Portland, Oregon. She earned her B.A. in philosophy with honors from Yale Universitiy, and her Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Chicago. She has taught at Grand Valley State University (Michigan), Portland State University (Oregon), and ESPOCH University (Riobamba, Ecuador). Her research brings together philosophical and anthropological reflection, drawing especially on her experiences living and working in the Ecuadorian Chocó rainforest. She believes that cross-cultural investigation is not only imperative in our rapidly shifting times, but that it may hold the key to solving our most pressing global problems.

Blurb

This book tackles the difficult task of defending relativism in the age of science. It succeeds where others have failed by combining the rigor of analytic philosophy with the first-hand insights of anthropological experience. Typically, an anthropologist’s work on relativism offers rich examples of cultural diversity, but lacks philosophical rigor, while a philosopher’s work on relativism offers rigorous argumentation, but lacks rich anthropological examples. Facing Relativism, written by a North American philosopher who lived in the Ecuadorian rainforest, does both.

Relativism at a global scale is a view that our claims about the world, both theoretical and practical, are evaluable only relative to a context shaped by factors such as culture, history, language, and environment – or, “a way of life.” It can be at once intuitive and disturbing. While we might expect a way of life to exert some influence on our claims, relativism seems to move to the overly strong conclusion that all of our claims about what is true or good must merely be expressions of cultural bias. It easily opens itself to a host of charges, including paradox and self-contradiction.

Facing Relativism argues that such problems arise largely from a failure to situate the view within the context that has, throughout its long history, been its inspiration: the experience – whether through literature, the imagination, or direct anthropological contact – of deeply engaging with a very different way of life. By starting with a careful analysis of the experience of deep engagement, this book shows that relativism is neither as incoherent nor as alarming as we tend to think. In fact, it might just offer the tools we need to face these times of global crisis and change.

Alyssa Luboff has produced an exceptional defense of a cultural relativism that recognizes how the epistemic and the ethical intertwine in a way of life. Drawing from her deep engagement over many years with the Chachi and traditional Afro-Ecuadorian people, she provides vivid and compelling examples of how one can come to understand another way of life as well-reasoned, coherent, and integrated, as challenging to one’s own commitments at the same time that one challenges it. Luboff combines her deep engagement with command of the relevant

philosophical and anthropological literature. She presents the major arguments against relativism in a sympathetic and generous way, and carefully responds with a sophisticated relativism that acknowledges how the world resists and responds to different conceptual shapings of it. This book is beautifully written and will engage both the academic specialist and the intelligent general reader. – David Wong, Duke University

By the time her brilliant faceoff is over, philosophical relativism will never again be seen as a straw man. – Richard A. Shweder, University of Chicago

This book will interest readers who seek an astute account of how the pursuit of “truth” – whether relative or absolute – enters into practices of power. Luboff ’s treatment is impressive. – Michael Krausz, Bryn Mawr College and Linacre College, Oxford University