Extragalactic Astronomy: Lecture Notes from Córdoba

ISBN-13: 9789400977280 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 247 str.

J. L. Sersic

Opis

This book is an outgrowth of the notes made for the semester lectures on 'Problems of Extragalactic Astronomy' given almost annually during two decades at the Ob- servatorio Astronomico of the Universidad de Cordoba. Shorter versions were also given at La Plata, Santiago de Chile, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Paraiba. E. Scalise made a Portuguese language version of the notes and encouraged me to publish them; although my friend J. Kleczek is to be blamed for the idea of this book. Not every subject on Extragalactic Astronomy has been touched in this book: instead I have followed those which interested me during 25 years of professional practice in this part of the world. I acknowledge helpful suggestions from M. Pastoriza and G. Carranza, the com- prehension of Director L. Milone, and the collaboration of the staff of the Observa- tory in Cordoba. R. Tschamler's humor and wit made light the task of producing the English version and M. Pizarro's devotedness produced the edited MS. To both of them I am in deep gratitude. "A book is published out of necessity, otherwise the author would spend his entire life polishing the originals" was the answer given by J. L. Borges to an inquisi- tive journalist. These words explain why this book is so different from the lecture notes, and also from the book I was hoping for. I thank B. McCormac and the D. Reidel Publ. Co. for my salvation from Borges' inferno.

Spis treści

I: Forms and Structures.- 1.1. Normal and Peculiar Galaxies.- 1.2. Classification of Normal Galaxies.- The Holmberg Classification.- Description of the Holmberg Types.- The Hubble Classification.- The de Vaucouleurs Classification.- 1.3. Apparent and True Flattening of Galaxies.- 1.4. Other Classifications Systems.- The Yerkes Classification.- Luminosity Classes.- 1.5. Classification of Peculiar Galaxies.- II: Normal Galaxies.- II.1. Contents.- II.1.1. Photometric Properties.- Total Luminosities.- Brightness Distributions.- Other Luminosity Distributions.- Apparent Dimensions.- Colors.- II.1.2. Stellar Content.- Composite Spectra.- Luminosity Effects.- Composition Differences.- II.1.3. The Interstellar Medium in Galaxies.- Neutral Hydrogen Observations.- The Neutral Hydrogen Content along the Sequence.- Neutral Hydrogen Distribution.- The Ionized Medium in Galaxies.- II.1.4. Subsystems.- Spheroidal Subsystems.- Globular Clusters.- The Nuclear Subsystems.- Disk Subsystems.- Arm Subsystems.- The Bar and its Associated Subsystems.- II.2. Motions and Masses.- II.2.1. Kinematics.- Rotation Curves in Late-type Galaxies.- Observed Rotation Curves in Late-type Galaxies.- Departures from Circular Motion.- Rotation in Early-type Galaxies.- Velocity Dispersion in Early-type Galaxies.- II.2.2. Masses of Galaxies.- Masses from Curves of Rotation.- Indicative Masses.- Mass Distribution.- Angular Momentum from Rotation Curves.- Masses from the Velocity Dispersion of Stars.- Statistical Masses from Galaxy Pairs.- Statistical Masses from Systems of Galaxies.- II.2.3. Mass-Luminosity Ratios.- Integrated Values.- Variation of the Local Value of the M/LB Ratio.- Massive Halos.- II.3. Models for Normal Galaxies.- II.3.1. Dynamical Models.- Elliptical Galaxies.- Flattening of Elliptical Galaxies.- Triaxial Structures in Elliptical Galaxies.- II.3.2. Evolution of Galactic Content.- Basic Equations.- Chemical Evolution of the Interstellar Gas.- The Rate of Stellar Formation.- Integrated Colors as Age Indicators.- The Nature of Dwarf Galaxies.- III: Active Galaxies.- III.1. Classification.- III.2. Intergalactic H II Regions (IG H II).- III.3. Galaxies with Nuclear Emission (neG).- III.4. Irr II Galaxies.- Explosive Galaxies.- Post Eruptive Galaxies.- III.5. Seyfert Galaxies (SyG).- III.5.1. Spectrum of Emission.- III.5.2. Continuum Spectrum.- III.5.3. Variability.- III.5.4. Radioemission.- III.5.5. Correlations.- III.6. Strong Radio Galaxies (SRG).- III.6.1. Radio Structures.- III.6.2. Spectrum of Radio Frequencies.- III.6.3. Time Scale.- III.6.4. Compact Sources.- III.6.5. Optical Forms Associated with SRG’s.- III.6.6. Optical Spectra.- III.6.7. Energetics of SRG’s.- III.7. N Galaxies.- III.8. Quasi Stellar Objects (QSO).- III.8.1. Continuum Spectrum.- III.8.2. Line Spectrum.- III.8.3. BL Lacertae Objects.- III.8.4. Redshifts and Nature of the QSO’s.- III.9. Activity in Compact Objects.- III.9.1. Excitation Mechanism.- III.9.2. The Source of Energy.- IV: Galaxies and their Environment.- IV.1. Tidal Interactions.- Interacting Galaxies (IG).- Ring-like Peculiar Galaxies.- Dynamical Friction.- Mergers.- IV.1.2. Non-tidal Interactions.- SRGs as Environmental Probes.- The Head-Tail Radio Sources.- Stripping Process.- Accretion.- IV.2. Agregates of Galaxies.- IV.2.1. Pairs and Multiplets.- IV.2.2. Groups of Galaxies.- IV.2.3. Clusters.- Classification.- Dynamics and Evolution.- Intracluster Medium (ICM).- Luminosity Function.- IV.2.4. Second Order Clustering.- The Local Super Cluster (SC).- IV.2.5. Clustering.- The Observed and Computed Correlations.- Saslaw’s Interpretation.- IV.3. Mean Mass Density of Matter in the Universe.- A Hierarchical Universe?.- V: Measuring the Universe.- V.1. Distance Indicators.- V.1.1. Primary Distance Indicators.- Interstellar Absorption.- Novae.- Population I Cepheids.- RR Lyrae.- V.1.2. Other Photometric Indicators.- The Brightest Stars.- Blue Bright Stars.- The Hubble-Sandage Stars.- Red Giants.- Globular Clusters.- The Color-Magnitude (CM) Effect.- Luminosity Classes.- Absolute Magnitudes of Galaxies.- V.1.3. Geometric Indicators.- Diameters of H II Rings.- Diameters of the Largest H II Regions.- Diameters of Spiral Galaxies.- V.1.4. Other Indicators.- Surface Brightness of Galaxies.- Super Associations (SAS).- Supernovae.- The 21-cm Line Width.- Sypernovae Expansion.- Super Luminal Expansion.- V.2. The Scale of Distances.- V.2.1. The Hubble Flow.- V.2.2. The Quest for H0.- Seven Steps Toward the Hubble Constant.- Seven Other Steps Toward the Hubble Ratio.- Two Leaps to H0.- Epilog.- V.3. Far Away and Long Ago.- V.3.1. TheRedshift.- V.3.2. The Hubble Law.- The Redshift Magnitude Diagram.- The Deceleration Parameter.- VI: Cosmology.- VI.1. Basic Assumptions.- VI.2. Explosive Cosmologies.- VI.3. Thermal Evolution of the Universe.- VI.4. Primaeval Nucleosynthesis.- VI.5. The Background Radiation.- VI.6. Observational Cosmology.- VI.6.1. Observable Parameters.- VI.6.2. Fitting the Model to the Universe.- VI.6.3. Lifting the Restriction ? = 0.- VII: Gravitational Instability and Galaxy Formation.- VII.1. Theory of Jeans’ Wavelength and Mass.- VII.1.1. The Jeans Mass.- VII.2. Gravitational Instability in an Expanding Universe.- VII.2.1. The Era of Gravitational Instability.- VII.3. Protogalaxies.- VII.3.1. Non-linear Growth of a Density Perturbation.- VII.4. Galaxy Formation Through Dissipative Collapse.- VII.4.1. Stationary State out of Equilibrium.- VII.4.2. Hierarchy of Fragmentations.- VII.4.3. The End of the Hierarchy.- VII.4.4. Global Dynamics.- VII.4.5. The Influence of Rotation.- VI.5. Dissipationless Collapse.- VIII: Notes and Comments.- VII.1. Catalogs and Atlas of Galaxies.- VIII.2. Composite Spectra.- Quantitative Analysis of Composite Spectra.- VIII.3. The H I Spectrum.- Line Formation.- Excitation of the 21-cm Line.- Optical Depth and Absorption.- VIII.4. Determination of Rotation Curves.- VIII.5. Rotation Period of Central Regions in Galaxies.- VIII.6. Note for Section V.1.3.