Extracellular Composite Matrices in Arthropods

ISBN-13: 9783319407388 / Angielski / Twarda / 2016 / 712 str.

Ephraim Cohen; Bernard Moussian

Opis

Emphasis is placed on the elaborate cuticular matrices in insects and crustaceans, spider and insect silks, sialomes of phytophagous and blood-feeding arthropods as well as on secretions of male and female accessory glands.

Spis treści

Part A     Skeletal matrices       

1   Genes of Cuticular Proteins and their Regulation - H. Kawasaki

1.1 Recent Classification of Cuticular Proteins and the Construction of Cuticular Layers

1.2 Factors that Affect the Expression of Cuticular Proteins

1.3 Application of Genome Information

1.4 Regulation of Gene Expression of Cuticular Proteins

1.5 Future Prospects

2   Chitin Synthetic and Degradation Pathways - S. Muthukrishnan, Y. Arakane, H. Merzendorfer and Q. yang

2.1  Introduction

2.2  Structure of Chitin

2.3  Higher Order Structures Involving Chitin Fibers in the Cuticle

2.4  Higher Order Structures in the Peritrophic Matrix

2.5  Precursors of Chitin and generation of Activated Substrates

2.6  Towards the Mode of Action of Insect Chitin Synthases

2.7  Regulation of Chitin Synthesis

2.8  Chitin deacetylation and Possible Role in Cuticle Assembly

2.9  Chitin deacetylases in Insects

2.10 Chitin Degradation   

2.11 Chitinolytic N-Acetylglucosaminidase and their Genes

2.12 Additional Proteins Involved in Chitin Protection and Degradation

2.13 Cuticular Proteins Analogous to Peritrophins

2.14 Cuticular Proteins Belonging to R&R and Other Groups

2.15 Concluding Remarks

3    Molecular model of skeletal organization and differentiation - B. Moussian

3.1  Introduction

3.2  Cuticles of Model Insects

3.3  Conceptual model of cuticle differentiation

3.4  Outlook

4    Resilin – The Pliant Protein - J. Michels, E. Appel, S.N. Gorb

4.1  Introduction

4.2  Biochemistry and molecular biology

4.3  Identification and visualization of resilin

4.4  Mechanical properties of resilin

4.5  Occurrence and function in different systems

4.6  Biomimetics

4.7  Conclusions and outlook

5    The Mineralized Exoskeletons of Crustaceans - S. Bentov, S. Abehsera and A. Sagi

5.1       Introduction

5.2       The advantage of mineralization

5.3       Degree of mineralization

5.4       Degree of crystallization

5.5       The combination of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate

5.6       Involvement of proteins and genes

5.7       Potential biomimetic applications inspired by the crustacean exoskeleton

5.8       Concluding remarks

6         Tyrosine Metabolism in Insect Cuticle Pigmentation and  

            Sclerotization -  M. Y. Noh, T. Asano, J. J. Kramer and Y. Arakane

6.1          Introduction

6.2          Functions of Key Enzymes/Proteins Involved in Cuticle Pigmentation and Sclerotization

6.3         Interactions and Functions of Pigments in Insects

6.4        Hormonal Regulation of Cuticle Pigmentation 

6.5        Future Prospects and Concluding Remarks

7          Cuticular Hydrocarbons: Biochemistry and Chemical Ecology - M. D.  Ginzel and G. J. Blomquist 

7.1         Introduction

7.2          Chemical Composition of Insect Hydrocarbons

7.3           Hydrocarbon Biosynthesis

7.4           Ecological and Behavioral Aspects

7.5            Future Directions

Part B     Peritrophic Membranes and Eggshell Matrices - 

8          Peritrophic Matrices - H. Merzendorfer, M. Kekenberg and S. Muthukrishnan

8.1         Introduction

8.2         Structural Components on the Peritrophic Matrix

8.3         Peritrophic Matrix Formation and assembly

8.4         Peritrophic Matrix Properties and Structure-Function Relationship of Peritrophic   

              Matrix Components

8.5          Function of the Peritrophic Matrix

8.6          Mechanisms Developed by Pathogens and Parasites to Cross the Peritrophic 

               Membrane Barrier

8.7         Comparative Genomics: Peritrophic Matrix Proteins in Different Insect Orders

8.8         Peritrophic Matrix as a Target for Pest Control

8.9        RNAi-Based Strategies

8.10      Concluding Remarks and Perspectives

9        Composite Eggshell Matrices: Chorionic Layers and Sub-  

          Chorionic Cuticular Envelopes - G. L. Rezende, H. C. M. Vargas, B. Moussian and E. Cohen

9.1          Introduction

9.2          Maternal Eggshell Layers

9.3         Cuticular Egg Envelopes of Arthropods

9.4          Concluding Remarks

Part C Skeletal Components as Targets for Interference

10      Targeting Cuticular Components for Pest Management - D. Doucet and A. Retnakaran

10.1        Introduction

10.2        Structure of the Integument

10.3        The Epicuticle

10.4     The Endocuticle

10.5    Interfering with Chitin Formation and Degradation

10.6      The Exocuticle

10.7      The Eclosion Cascade

10.8      Identifying Other Possible Targets During Cuticle Genesis

10.9      Conclusions

Part D     Glandular Secretions -       

11      Nature and Functions of Glands and Ducts in the Drosophila Reproductive Tract

    F. W. Avila, J. A. Sánchez-López, J. L. McGlaughon, S. Raman, M. F. Wolfner and Y. Heifetz

11.1       Introduction

11.2       Setting the Context  

11.3       Reproductive Tract Development and Overview

11.4       The Male Reproductive Tract  

11.5       Fates of Male Secretions in Mated Females  

11.6       The Female Reproductive Tract  

11.7        Taking Control - Female Secretions Shape Later Reproductive Functionality

11.8        Concluding Remarks

12        Molecular and Structural Properties of Spider Silk - T. Crawford, C. Williams, R. Hekman, S. Dyrness, A. Arata and C. Vierra

12.1        Introduction

12.2        Diversity of Spider Silk

12.3         Natural Silk Extrusion Pathway

12.4         Expression Systems for Recombinant Silk Production

12.5        Biomimicry of the Spinning Process, Applications and Products

12.6         Summary and Future Challenges

13           Spider Silks: Factors Affecting Mechanical Properties and Biomimetic Applications - S. Zhang and I-M Tso

13.1          Introduction

13.2          Biology of Spider Silk

13.3          Factors Affecting Silk Mechanical Properties

13.4         Current and Potential Applications

13.5         Summary and Future Expectations

14           Insect Silks and Cocoons: Structural and Molecular Aspects -  K. Yukuhiro, H. Sezuku, T. Tsubota, Y. Takasu, T. Kameda and N. Yonemura

14.1        Introduction

14.2       Silk gland morphology

14.3       Cocoons produced by lepidopteran larvae

14.4       Fibroins in lepidopteran silks

14.5       Sericins as glue proteins

14.6       Differences in shape and function of silk glands among insects

14.7        Different features in silks of non-lepidopteran insects

14.8        Gene modification in silk glands using transgenic technology for industrial use

14.9        Conclusions

15   Glands of Drosophila melanogaster, A Model System  -  R. Farkaš

15.1  Introduction

15.2  Larval Exocytotic Activity of Drosophila Salivary Glands    

15.3  Apocrine Secretion by Drosophila SGs     

Vertebrates    

15.4  Conclusions   

16  Salivary Gland Secretions of Phytophagous Arthropods - M. P. Celorio-Mancera and  J. M. Labavitch

16.1 Introduction

16. 2 Salivary Glands and their Components

16.3 Salivary Components and the Interaction between Plants and Arthropods During Herbivory

16.4. Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives

17 Glandular Matrices and Secretions: Blood-Feeding Arthropods - B. Mans

17. 1        Introduction - Evolution of Blood-Feeding in Arthropods

17.2         The Vector-Host Interphase

17.3         The Host Dermis and Defense Response

17.4         Arthropod Modelling of the Host Matrix

17.5         Arthropod Modulation of Host Defenses

17.6       Sialoverse

17.7       Future Perspectives

O autorze

Prof. Ephraim Cohen is the Morris and Helen Mauerberger Chair in Agricultural Entomology Academic degrees and appointments: 1972 Lecturer -Tel Aviv University 2000-2003 Head Dept. of Entomology 2001 Chairperson of the Steering Committee for Biological and Chemical Residues in Animals and Animal Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Israel The Hebrew University: 1978 Senior Lecturer 1985 Associate Professor 1990 Professor 1986-1989 Head, Plant Protection Studies 2000 Head, Dept. of Entomology 2004 The Morris Helen Mauerberger Chair in Agricultural Entomology Research Associate at University of California, Berkeley, California (Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory) 1977-1979; 1983-1984; 1989; 1994-1995. 1998-1999 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia 2004-2005 University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

Blurb

Emphasis is placed on the elaborate cuticular matrices in insects and crustaceans, spider and insect silks, sialomes of phytophagous and blood-feeding arthropods as well as on secretions of male and female accessory glands. Focus is placed largely on insects, due to the extensive body of published research that in part is the result of available whole genome sequences of several model species (in particular Drosophila melanogaster) and accessible ESTs for other species. Such advances have facilitated fundamental insights into genomic, proteomic and molecular biology-based physiology. This new volume contains comprehensive contributions on extracellular composite matrices in arthropods. The building blocks of such matrices are formed in and secreted by single layered epithelial cells into exterior domains where their final assembly takes place.

Additionally, the unique mechanical properties of natural biocomposites like chitin/chitosan, the crustacean mineralized exoskeleton, the pliant protein resilin or insect and spider silks, have inspired basic and applied research that yield sophistical biomimetics and structural biocomposite hybrids important for future industrial and biomedical use. In summary, this book provides an invaluable vast source of basic and applied information for a plethora of scientists as well as textbook for graduate and advanced undergraduate students.